| A | B |
|---|
| Cell | Basic unit of all living things |
| Cell | Smallest unit that can carry on life processes |
| Cells | All living things are made of ___ |
| Unicellular | Made of one cell |
| Multicellular | Made of more than one cell |
| Discovery of light microscope and the upgrade | Discovery of cells began with ___ |
| Light Microscope | Magnifies up to 2,000x |
| TEM | 1,000x stronger than light microscope |
| SEM | Produces 3D image |
| 1665 | Year cells were discovered |
| Robert Hooke | English Scientist |
| Robert Hooke | First to look at dead cells |
| Robert Hooke | Cut a slice of cork and looked at it under microscope |
| Robert Hooke | Saw cork was made of little boxes that reminded him of the cells that monks lived in |
| Anton von Leeuwenhoek | Dutch microscope maker |
| Anton von Leeuwenhoek | First to discover living cells |
| 1675 | Year living cells were discovered |
| Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow | Cell theory developed on discoveries of these 3 scientists |
| Schleiden | German botanist |
| Schleiden | Discovered plants were made of cells |
| Schwann | German zoologist |
| Schwann | Discovered animals were made of cells |
| Virchow | German physician |
| Virchow | Discovered cells come from existing cells |
| Cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things. All living things are made of cells. Cells come from existing cells. | Cell Theory |
| Size, shape, internal organization | Cells differ in ___ |
| Ratio between it's volume and it's surface area | Cells are limited in size by ___ |
| Shape | Cells have a variety of ___ based on function |
| Eukaryotes | Have cells that have a nucleus and organelles |
| Plants, animals, fungi, protozoa, algae | Examples of eukaryotes |
| Prokaryote | Cells that lack a nucleus and organelles |
| Bacteria | Example of prokaryotes |
| Organelles | Cell component that performs specific functions in the cell |
| Plasma membrane | Another name for cell membrane |
| Cell membrane | Outer boundary, seperate it from the external environment |
| Cell membrane | Complex barrier that keeps some things out but lets others in |
| Cell membrane | Made of two layers |
| Lipids and proteins | 2 layers of cell membrane |
| Cytoplasm | Jelly like material inside the cell membrane |
| Cytoplasm | Surrounds organelles |
| Cytoplasmic streaming | Constant motion of cytoplasm that moves organelles around |
| Organelles | Name means "little organ" |
| Ribosomes | Protein factory of the cell |
| Ribosomes | Small, round structures where proteins are made |
| Ribosomes | Cite of protein synthesis |
| Protein and nucleic acids | Ribosomes are made of ___ |
| In cytoplasm and attached to ER | 2 places ribosomes are found |
| In cytoplasm | Ribosomes found ___ make proteins that are used in the cell |
| Attached to ER | Ribosomes found ___ make proteins that are used outside of the cell |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | ER |
| ER | Membrane system of folded sacs and tunnels |
| Rough and smooth | 2 types of ER |
| Rough ER | Type of ER that has ribosomes |
| Smooth ER | Type of ER that has no ribosomes |
| Smooth ER | Acts as an intracellular highway |
| Intracellular highway | Path for molecules to move from one part of the cell to another |
| Smooth ER | Stores proteins that will be exported |
| Golgi Apparatus | Processing, packaging, and secreting organelles |
| Golgi Apparatus | "Factory" of the cell |
| Golgi Apparatus | Made of stack of sacs filled with fluid |
| Golgi Apparatus | Operates like a production line |
| Vesicle | Membranous pouch |
| Mitochondria | "Powerhouse" of the cell |
| Mitochondria | Oval structures that are the respiration centers |
| Respiration | Process that releases chemical energy from food molecules for the cell to use |
| Mitochondria | Has 2 membranes |
| Smooth outer and inner folded | 2 membranes of mitochondria |
| Smooth outer | Type of membrane (mitochondria) that seperates it from cytoplasm |
| Inner folded | Type of membrane (mitochondria) that is folded to increase the amount of surface area available for energy releasing actions to take place |
| Cristae | Long folds of mitochondria's inner membrane |
| Mitochondria | ATP is formed here |
| ATP | Provides the chemical energy that drives all cell reactions |
| Mitochondria | These are more numerous in cells that need a lot of energy |
| Muscles and liver | Examples of cells that need a lot of energy |
| Mitochondria | Have their own DNA and new ones can only come from existing ones |
| Mitochondria | May have developed when prokaryote cells wanted to be protected by living inside eukaryotic cells and in return became energy source |
| Lysosomes | Small round organelles containing digestive enzymes |
| Lysosomes | "Clean-up Crews" of the cell |
| Animal and fungal | Lysosomes are found mainly in ___ cells |
| Lysosomes | Digest food particles, bacteria, and worn out cell parts |
| Golgi Apparatus | Lysosomes are made by ___ |
| Microtubules and microfilaments | Help support cell and give it shape |
| Microtubules and microfilaments | Make up the cytoskeleton |
| Microfilament | Fine protein threads |
| Microfilament | Lie just under cell membrane |
| Microfilament | Play a role in cytoplasmic streaming |
| Microfilament | Help move cell materials around |
| Microtubules | Long slender protein tubes |
| Spindle fibers | Specialized microtubules |
| Spindle fibers | Aid in the movement of chromosomes during cell division |
| Cilia and flagella | 2 kinds of structures that extend from a cell's surface |
| Cilia | Short, hairlike extensions that occur in large numbers on a cell's surface |
| Cilia | Found in lining of the surface of organs to move fluids and mucus |
| Cilia | Move mucus in the lungs that traps dust and bacteria |
| Flagella | Whip-like extensions of a cell that occurs singly or in pairs |
| Nucleus | Control center of the cell |
| Nucleus | Site where nucleic acids are made |
| RNA and DNA | Nucleic acids made by nucleus |
| Nuclear envelope | Surrounds nucleus |
| Nuclear envelope | Double membrane with pores that is continuous with the ER |
| Nucleoplasm | Dense, protein rich substance inside the nuclear membrane |
| Nucleoplasm | Contains chromatin |
| Chromatin | Fine strands of DNA and protein |
| Chromosome | Formed during cell division when chromatin coils and shortens |
| Chromosome | Stucture made mostly of DNA |
| DNA | Genetic material of a cell |
| Nucleolus | Round structure that makes ribosomes |
| Cell wall, vacuoles, and plastids | 3 additions of a plant cell compared to an animal cell |
| Cell wall | Rigid covering that surrounds cell membrane |
| Cell wall | Helps support and protect the cell |
| Chains of cellulose | Cell wall is made of ___ |
| Pectin and lignin | 2 hardening compounds |
| Primary and secondary | 2 types of cell walls |
| Primary cell wall | Cell wall formed during growth |
| Primary cell wall | Cell wall made of cellulose |
| Secondary cell wall | Cell wall formed after growth stops |
| Secondary cell wall | Cell wall made of cellulose and lignin |
| Lignin | Makes plants woody |
| Middle lamella | Intracellular "glue" |
| Middle lamella | Found between cell walls of adjacent plant cells |
| Pectin | Middle lamella is made of ___ |
| Pectin | Stuff that makes jelly a gel |
| Vacuoles | Similar to lysosomes bc they store enzymes and wastes |
| 90 | Vacuoles can take up to ___% of plant cell |
| Vacuoles | May contain toxins and keeps them away from the rest of the cell |
| Plastids | Structures that capture sunlight and convert it to chemical energy |
| Chloroplasts, chromoplasts, leukoplasts | 3 types of plastids |
| Chloroplasts | Contain chlorophyll |
| Chlorophyll | Green pigment |
| Chromoplast | Stores the other colored pigments for fall colors |
| Carotene | Orange pigment |
| Xanthophyll | Yellow pigment |
| Antohcyanin | Red pigment |
| Leukoplasts | Store food as starches, proteins, lipids |
| Cell specialization | Cells and Division of labor |
| Function | Cells in an organism each have their own ___ to carry out that keeps an organism alive |
| Tissue | Group of cells that work together to carry out a specific function |
| Organs | Group of tissues that work together to carry out a specific function |
| Organ System | Group of organs |
| Dermal, ground, and vascular | 3 tissue systems in plants |
| Dermal tissue system | Outside layer of plant |
| Ground tissue system | Makes up roots and stems |
| Vascular tissue system | Water transport system |
| Roots, stems, leaves | 3 organs of plants |
| Unicellular organisms | 1 cell carries out all functions |
| Multicellular organisms | Cell divides up the functions |
| Colonial organisms | Group of similar cells that live together but they function independently of each other |
