| A | B |
|---|
| What is allopatric speciation | species that are formed by geological isolation |
| What is sympatric speciation? | formed by reproductive isolation |
| define a generalist species? | can live in a wide variety of habitats |
| the best definition of habitat? | specific environment in which an organism lives |
| the best definition of a community? | multiple interacting species that live in the same area |
| What is environmental resistance? | All limiting factors taken together |
| What does endemic mean? | occuring in only one area |
| What is the definition of ecosystems? | communities and the abiotic material in which they interact |
| characteristic of a R selective organism? | short lived many offspring. small size |
| characteristic of a K selective organism? | long lived, parental care, strong competitive ability |
| Like most aquatic plant duckweed thrive on what? | nitrogen and phosphorous |
| Large algae blooms can lower what gas in the water? | oxygen |
| two invaders have altered the normal ecosystems that they inhabit | Zebra Mussel and Leafy Spurge |
| How is the spurge population held in check in their indigenous ( native ecosytems ) | eaten by the flea beetle |
| What was missing in our ecosystem that allowed the spurge population to explode | natural predator |
| not a native Prairie Grass? | Leafy Spurge |
| location would be a short grass prairie? | Western Nebraska |
| Currently the Short Grass Prairie | is vanishing |
| The Golden Toad was located in | Costa Rica |
| The process by which traits that that enhance survival and are passed on more frequently to future generations, altering the genetic makeup of populations through time is called | natural selection |
| Biological evolution consists of | genetic changes |
| In 1858, _______________ and ___________ _________ each independently proposed the concept of natural selection as a mechanism for evolution and as a way to explain the great variety of living things. | Darwin and Wallace |
| Natural selection acts on | genetic variation |
| What were some environmental conditions that acted on the finch gene pool? | type of food , type of habitat, type of predator |
| The isolation of the finch gene pool was | water between islands |
| Which of these would probably change over time on the finches as the food supply changed? | beak shape |
| Which of these is considered a logic for natural selection? | organisms struggle to survive and reproduce,Organisms tend to produce more offspring than can survive,Individuals vary in their characteristics |
| Which of these is true about mutations | is an accidental change in DNA |
| Which of these processes produces more genetic diversity? | sexual reproduction |
| Organism diversity is shaped by | natural selection |
| A rancher using a breeding bull to produce a better quality of cattle is practicing | artificial selection |
| If one trait is favored over other traits and the population moves toward having that trait , is an example of | directional selection |
| Over time an intermediate trait is favored in a population. Like a intermediate shell thickness, is what type of selection? | stabalizing selection |
| A group of individuals that can interbreed and form fertile offspring are considered a | species |
| A group of individuals living in the same area are considered a | populations |
| What is allopatric speciation | species separated by physical boundaries |
| Which of these are possible mechanisms to separate populations | mountains, glaciers, rivers, deserts |
| Sympatric speciation occurs | reproductive isolation within the same region |
| The disappearance of a species from earth is called | extinction |
| How many mass extinctions have occurred on earth? | 5 |
| Which of these was used as an indicator for evidence of a meteorite striking the earth | iridium |
| Based on fossil records the average time a species spends on earth is about___ | 10-50 million years |
| Extinction is a natural process: | true |
| 6. In general extinctions occur when | d. when environmental conditions change rapidly where species can not adapt |
| Which of these organisms would most likely experience extinction? | b. a specialist with narrow source of resources |
| Which of these events can cause extinction? | a. climate changes ) long term and rapid , b. change in sea level , c. new harmful species, d. extended drought |
| The Monteverde golden toad is found only in this Costa Rica rain forest.. This toad is considered | endemic |
| In the United States 40 species of _________ are restricted in ranges and vulnerable to extinction: | salamander |
| During a mass extinction how many species are wiped out? | 50-95% of all species |
| The best known mass extinction occurred how long ago? | 65 million years ago |
| The extinction that caused an end to the dinosaurs was probably caused by | gigantic asteroid hit the earth |
| Almost all iridium on earth comes from | dust from meteorites |
| . How often do large asteroids strike the earth? | once every 100 million years |
| During 1906 and 1907 what two methods were used to protect the Kaibab Deer | ban hunting and exterminate the predators |
| What was considered the carrying capacity of the deer population on the Kaibab plateau? | 30,000 deer |
| On the Kaibab plateau the deer population reached 100,000. In 1924 What happened then | the deer started to die out and the poplation steadily dropped. |
| What would be some reasonable ecological reasons for the decline in the deer population? | over grazing limited food resources, stress on the deer resulted in lower nutritional levels and the deer became sick and died |
| What would a reasonable deer population on the Kaibab plateau? | around 30,000 |
| Is removing the natural predators from the area a good solution | no, they weed out the sick deer and aid in keeping the population of the deer near the carrying capacity |
| multiple interacting species taht live in the same area | community |
| a population of golden toads, ferns, mosses, together will other interacting plants, animals , microbial organisms in the cloud forest would be considered a | community |
| encompasses the communitiy and the nonliving ( abiotic ) material and how these members interact is considered a | ecosystem |
| all of the organisms that live in the Monteverde rain forest, plus the rainfall, soil pH, temperature, nutrients in the soil would represent a | ecosystem |
| habitat | the specific environment in which an organism lives |
| The Golden toad lives on the Forest floor, using seasonal pools for breeding and burrows for shelter is consider the | habitat |
| niche | reflects the use of resources and the organisms functional role in a community |
| everything an organism does in a community, what it eats how it i nteracts, its role ) p roducer, consumer repesents the | niche |
| Species that have a very narrow use of resources and very specific requirements is a | specialist |
| species that have a broad tolerance and have a wide use of resources are | generalist |
| When conditions change and a habtat is forced to change , which species is most likely to struggle | specialist |
| population density | the number of individuals within a given area |
| When organisms are evenly spaced within a region the distribution is | uniform |
| The most common pattern of distribution in nature is the | clumped pattern |
| Which population sex ratio maximizes population growth | 50% male and 50% females |
| natality represents | birth rates |
| mortality represents | death rates |
| The human survivorship curve shows | higer survival rate to about midage and the starts to decline |
| What can you say about a surivorship curve that drops off suddently at an early age ( page 128 ) | mortality is high at the beginning |
| Growth rate = | crude birth + immigration - crude death + emigration |
| calculate the growth rate if birth rate is 6 per 1000, immigration is 5 per 1000 , death rate is 4/1000 and emigration is 6 per thousand | 0.1% |
| when a population increases at a fixed rate each year the | exponential growth |
| populations that rise , fall and rise in responses to environmental factors represent a | logistic growth rate |
| density dependent factors effecting population growth | number of predatators, food supply, mates |
| densisty independent factors | temperature, rainfall, floods, |
| the abiity to produce offspring | biotic potential |
| abiotic factors | non living factors, like temperature, ph, soil |
| K - selected species | low biotic potential, few offspring, long lived, parental care |
| R- selected species | high biotic potential, large number of offspring, fast development |
| Humans are classified as a __ selected species | K |
| insects are classified as a ___ selected species | R |
