| A | B |
|---|
| peninsulares | colonial leaders born in Spain or Portugal; power belonged to them |
| creoles | descendents of Portugese or Spanish settlers born in colonies |
| mestizos | people of mixed Sanish and Native American ancestry; biggest group in most colonies |
| mulattos | mixed African and European descent, and enslaved Africans |
| caudillos | dictators who ruled by military force |
| Toussaint-Lourverture | led enslaved Africans in rebellion against French rule in 1790s |
| Miguel Hidalgo | Catholic priest; led mestizos and Native Americans in a revolution against Spain; executed in 1811 |
| Jose' Maria Morelos | Catholic priest; led mestizos and Native Americans in a revolution against Spain; executed in 1813 |
| Jose' de San Martin | freed Argentina from Spanish rule in 1810; then marched into Chile |
| Simon Bolivar | led revolts in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador |
