| A | B |
|---|
| Charlemange | 768-814; Frank; he ruled area including France, Netherlands; pope made his emperor; forced people to accept Christianity |
| Vikings | From Norway; invaded British isles; shallow boats but wide; could cross sea |
| Holy Roman Empire | Started with Otto in 962, who the pope crowned King |
| Vassals | In medieval Europe, a person who pledged service to a lord and received land in return |
| Horse collars | The collars on horses; took pressure off neck and onto shoulders; pulled the plow |
| Pope Gregory I | 590-604; Gregory the Great; Most important for providing the Roman church with direction |
| Chivalry | European medieval code of conduct; loyalty and honor |
| Gothic cathedrals | 12th century Europe; stained glass; tall spires to reach God; pointed arches |
| Reconquista (reconquest) | Crusade ending in 1492 to drive Islamic forces out of Spain |
| Bubonic plague | Profound effect on European history; killed 25% of population; in fleas who were on rate; came from China; also known as Black Death |
| Clovis | 466-511; first king of the Franks to unite all the Franks under one ruler; he was the first Catholic king in France |
| Serfs | Slaves subject to sail on master's whim; semi-free individuals; owed obligations to the lords whose lands they cultivated |
| Manor | Large estate of the nobles during the European Middle Ages; this is where the peasants/serfs lived |
| Heavy plow | Large plows that helped with crop rotation |
| Three estates | The three divisions of society in pre-revolutionary France; the feudal. Monarchy, Church, Everybody else (Fight, Pray, Work) |
| Lief Erickson | Leader of the Vikings; converted Greenland to Christianity |
| Hanseatic league | Association of trading cities lining the black sea and the north sea |
| St. Thomas Aquinas | 1225-1274; most famous of the scholastic theologians; used philosophy of Aristotle and reconciled it with belief in God |
| Guilds | Social and economic significance; people joined for social and economic reasons |
| Pilgrimage | Visit to holy sites; People went long distances to visit saints' sites; travel industries developed to aid pilgrims |
| William, Duke of Normandy | 1066; invaded England from Normandy; introduced Normann principles of government to England |
