| A | B |
|---|
| imperialism | The extension of one nation's power and military over other lands- 1) Social, 2) Economic, 3) Political, 4) Military |
| The Berlin Conference (1884) | European powers (no African representatives) divided up Africa into colonies, the U.S. was not present and did not gain any African colonies |
| Seward's Folly (1867) | Sec. of State William Seward wanted to expand in North America, Russia was looking to sell Alaska because it was considered worthless- many Americans felt the same- hence the term |
| Monroe Doctrine (1823) | Response to independence of Latin American nations, not law or treaty- warning of no new European colonization of the Western Hemisphere |
| Pan-American Conference (1889) | Montevideo, Uruguay- step toward improved relations between Latin America and the U.S.; Sec. of State James G. Blaine |
| Venezuela Border Dispute (1895) | Gold was discovered between Venz and British Guiana- Sec. of State Richard Olney invoked Monroe Doctrine and sided with Britain- Britain backed down because of need for allies against German in the future |
| Treaty of Washington (1871) | U.S.-Britain- mediated the Alabama Claims- about a Confederate privateer the British had sheltered during the Civil War |
| "Frontier Thesis" | "The Significance of the Frontier on American History (1893)" by Frederick Jackson Turner- the frontier was a vital characteristic of the U.S. |
| The "Dark Continent" | Africa- known as such because it was mysterious and much of its interior unchartered |
| Social Darwinism | "Survival of the Fittest"- the competition of foreign nations was used to justify U.S. imperialism |
| white man's burden | The obligation of WASPs to spread Christianity and civilization to the darker races of the world- Josiah Strong- "Our Country" |
| Cuba Libré | Independence movement in Cuba led by Jose Martí, found sympathy from the American people |
| Reconcentrado policy | Gen. Valeriano Weyler's attempts to subdue Cuban rebels by essentially establishing concentration camps- outraged American public via yellow press |
| yellow journalism | Sensational and lurid reporting of the news in a distorted manner, Pulitzer vs. Hearst, whipping Americans into a frenzy toward the S-A War- especially after the Maine |
| Dupuy de Lôme Letter | Spanish diplomat wrote an unflattering view of McKinley, fell into American hands, a reason the U.S. pushed toward war against Spain |
| U.S.S. Maine | Battleship to keep an eye on happenings in Cuba, exploded- blamed on the Spanish though it was an internal explosion- #1 cause of the S-A War |
| "Splendid Little War" | Term coined by Sec. of State John Hay to describe the Spanish-American War |
| Rough Riders | Volunteer regiment of cowboys and Ivy League graduates led by TR that attacked San Juan Hill |
| Battle of San Juan Hill | Probably the climatic movement of the S-A War, TR and the Rough Riders became national heroes |
| Teller Amendment (1898) | At the beginning of the Spanish-American War- declared the Cuba would be independent and not annexed by the U.S. |
| Treaty of Paris (1898) | Ended S-A War- the U.S. becomes a global imperialist power- the U.S. gains Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines |
| Tainted Beef Scandal | Hundreds of soldiers were sickened and died from unsafe canned beef- a catalyst for the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 passed by TR |
| Anti-Imperialist League | Diverse group of individuals organized to oppose U.S. expansionism, particularly in the Philippines (Carnegie, Twain, Gompers, Addams, Bryan, etc.) |
| Foraker Act (1900) | Established a civil government in Puerto Rico |
| Jones Act (1917) | Granted Puerto Ricans citizenship |
| Platt Amendment (1901) | The U.S. announced the right to intervene in the affairs of Cuba, rights to build a naval base in the Philippines |
| Insular Cases (1901) | The Supreme Court ruled the subjects of the colonies did not have the same constitutional rights as U.S. citizens (ex: Downes v. Bidwell) |
| spheres of influence | Divisions of a territory where nations have exclusive trading rights. The U.S. and Sec. of State John Hay feared this would happen with China |
| Open Door Note | Sec. of State John Hay, not a treaty or pact, an declaration by the U.S. that China would be open to free trade |
| Boxers/Boxer Rebellion | Xenophobic Chinese that wanted to drive all foreigners out. A multinational task force including the U.S. had to rescue the besieged- a 1st for the U.S. |
| Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) | Russia vs. Japan over Manchuria (NW China), 1st time in modern history an Asian nation defeated a European nation, Japan was winning- ended by the Treaty of Portsmouth |
| Treaty of Portsmouth (1905) | Ended the Russo-Japanese War, mediated by TR- wanted to maintain the balance of power in Asia- did not want Japan too strong, TR won Nobel Peace Prize |
| Taft-Katsura Agreement (1905) | The U.S. recognized Japanese rights to Korea, Japan recognized U.S. rights to the Philippines |
| Root-Takahira Agreement (1908) | The U.S. and Japan would maintain status quo in the Pacific and uphold the Open Door |
| Gentlemen's Agreement (1907) | S.F. segregated Japanese schoolchildren after quake, Japan was irate- TR stepped in to ease tensions- end of segregation, Japan halts immigration to U.S. |
| Big Stick Diplomacy | TR's foreign policy of using diplomacy but having force available if necessary, used to intervene numerous times in L.A., Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, Great White Fleet, and Panama Canal |
| Great White Fleet | U.S. naval squadron sent around the world by TR to demonstrate U.S. might, conspicuous showing in Japan |
| Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine | The U.S. would intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American countries so Europeans would not have to; done as way to prevent Germans from collecting debts in the Dominican Republic |
| isthmus | A narrow strip of land connecting large landmasses; ex: Panama connecting North and South America |
| Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850) | The U.S. and Britain would jointly build the Panama Canal |
| Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901) | The U.S. and Britain, the U.S. had the exclusive right to build the Panama Canal |
| Hay-Buneau-Varilla Treaty (1903) | The new Panamanian govt. granted the U.S. the right to the Panama Canal Zone, opened up construction of Panama Canal |
| Dollar Diplomacy | Taft's foreign policy- emphasis on pumping money into colonies for economic development- provides benefits for American business interests |
| Root Reforms | Secretary of War Elihu Root- to modernize the U.S. military after the near debacle of the S-A War. Ex: creation of Army War College and the General Staff |
| Tampico Incident (1914) | U.S. sailors harassed and arrested in Mexico- seen as an insult to national honor- Wilson sends troops to occupy Veracruz- he hates Huerta |
| Punitive Expedition (1916) | Sent by Wilson to capture Pancho Villa in Mexico after his raid on Columbus, NM. Led by John J. Pershing- a failure- they did not even catch a glimpse of Villa |
