| A | B |
|---|
| Energy | The capacity to preform work |
| Kinetic energy | Energy that is actually doing work |
| Heat | The heat associated with the movement of molecules in a body of matter |
| Potential energy | Energy stored |
| Chemical Energy | Potential energy of molecules and the most important for living things |
| Thermodynamics | The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter |
| First law of thermodynamics | (also law of conservation) The total amount of energy in the universe is constant |
| Second law of thermoynamics | Energy conversions reduce the order of the universe |
| Entropy | the amount of disorder in a system |
| Endergonic reactions | requires a net input |
| exergonic reactions | chemical reaction that releases energy |
| Cellular respiration | the energy releasing chemical breakdown of glucose molecules and the storage of the energy in a form that the cell can use to preform work |
| Cellular metabolism | Every working cell in every organism carries out thousands of endergonic and exergonic reactions the sum |
| Energy Coupling | using energy released from exergonic reactions to drive essential endergonic reactions |
| Phosphorylation | The transfer of a phosphate group to a molecule |
| Energy of activation | that which reactants must absorb to start a chemical reaction |
| Enzyme | a protein molecule that serves as a biological catalysts |
| Substrate | a reactant in a chemical reaction |
| Active site | small part of an enzyme molecules that binds to a substrate |
| Cofactors | nonprotein helpers |
| Coemzyme | a cofactor that is an organic molecule |
| Competitive inhibitor | resembles the enzyme's normal substrate and competes with the sustrate for the active site on the enzyme |
| Noncompetitive inhibitor | does not enter the active site |
| Negative feedback | sort of inhibition whereby a metabolic reaction is blocked by its products |
| Selective permeability | allows some substances to cross more easily than others and blocks passage of some substances altogether |
| Fluid mosaic | a description of membrane structure, depicting a cellular membrane as a mosaic of diverse protein molecules embedded in a fluid bilayer made of phospholipid molecules |
| Receptors | has a shape that fits the shape of s apecific messanger |
| Signal transduction | The binding of the messanger to the receptor triggers a chain reaction involving other proteins, which relay the message to a molecules that preforms the specific activity inside the cell |
| Diffusion | the tendency for particles of any kind to spread out spontaneously from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated |
| Passive transport | the diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane |
| Concentration gradient | moves from where they are more concentrated to where they are less, until there is an equal amount |
| Active transport | requires that a cell expend energy to move molecules across a membrane |
| Exocytosis | process to export bulky marterial from its cytoplasm |
| Endocytosis | the process to import bulky material into the cytoplasm |
| Phagocytosis | cellular eating |
| Pinocytosis | cellular drinking |
| Receptor-mediated endocytosis | plasma membrane indents to form a pit. The pit is lined with protein receptors, the pit will pinch close to form a vesicle that will carry the molecule to the cytoplasm. |
| Hypercholesterolemia | an excessively high level of cholesterol in blood. |
