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| Socrates | He lived from 470 - 399 BCE and was the pivotal figure in the development of philosophy. He was an Athenian who studied the ideas of Greek scientists who pursued the interests of their Mesopotamian and Egyptian predecessors. Socrates asked questions that reflected human issues like ethics and morality, believing that humans can lead an honest life. He was brought to trial on charges because the people thought he was corrupting the youth and he was condemned to death in 399 BCE. |
| Plato | Plato was Socrates' disciple who lived from 430 - 347 BCE. He created the theory of Forms and Ideas. Plato was mad because he was unable to gain intellectual power over the world because things had different meanings around the world. The theory of Forms or Ideas stated that Earth was just a pale and imperfect reflection of the real world. You needed to enter the world of Forms and Ideas to understand the true meaning of virtue. He encouraged a political aristocracy where an elite would rule and the less intelligent people would serve the elite. |
| Sparta | Sparta was the polis located on Laconia. Spartans beleived in having a strong army so they at the age of 7, they put their boys in training for life. The women were also physically fit. The men had to train for their lives and learn perfect obedience. Sparta did not have a distinguished social class list because everyone was equal. There was no wealth because Spartans believed that if everyone was equal, it would create unity. They fought against Athens in the Peloponnesian War because they disagreed with the way Athens ran their land. |
| Persian Wars | The Persian wars were between the city states of the Hellenistic era and the Achaemenid Empire. It started because Persia began to take over Ionia and Ionia eventually started to refuse to listen to them. The Ionians had revolts that made the Persians mad so the Persians vowed to take revenge on them. It started in 499 BC and ended in 449 BC. |
| Peloponnesian War | This war was between Athens and Sparta. Since Sparta did not have social classes, they did not have wealth. Athens, on the other hand, made their people pay money to the state and Athens started to spend recklessly. Sparta got mad and decided to attack Athens. In the end, Sparta won. It started in 431 BC. |
| Hellenistic Empires | The Hellenistic Empires are the ones that spread Greek culture around 323 BC - 146 BC. After Alexander the Great conquered the land, these empires were set up to spread Greek Culture and language. |
| Olympic Games | These were the best known panhellic festivals. It started in 776 when Greek communities would send their best athletes to compete. The winners of the events received olive wreaths and were celebrated as heros. In Greece, they happened every 4 years until they disappeared a millennium later. |
| Aristotle | Aristotle was Plato's disciple from 384-322 BCE. He wrote on biology, astronomy, physics ethics, and politics. He distrusted the theory of Forms and Ideas because he thought it was unnecessary in understanding the world. Along with Plato, Aristotle's ideas influenced the world for 2 millennia. |
| Tyrant | A tyrant is someone who takes the reign by his/her declaration or constitutional power. |
| Solon | He was the Athenian lawmaker, power, and statesmen. He enforced the eunomy and when ruled, he took away land from the overly wealthy people to try to balance out the economy. He wanted equal rights and laws. |
| Darius, Xerxes | Darius and Xerxes were both kings of Persia. Xerxes was Darius's son and after Darius tried to invade Greece, Xerxes did it. |
| Alex the Great | He was the Greek king of Macedon. He was tutored by Aristotle. In 336 BC he took reign and he inherited the strong kingdom from his father. He expanded the empire and took all of Persia. He died in 323 BC. |
| Sappho | Was a widow from an aristocratic family who was a poet. She wrote 9 volumes of poetry around 600 BCE. She invited young girls in to teach them music and literature and as a result, people tested her sexuality. Her reputation failed and so only few of her works were found. |
