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| cloning vector | agent used to transfer DNA in genetic engineering, such as a plasmid that moves recombinant DNA from a test tube back into a cell, or a virus that transfers recombinant DNA by infection |
| nuclear acid hybridization | A technique in which single-stranded nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) are allowed to interact so that complexes called hybrids are formed by molecules with similar, complementary sequences. |
| denaturation | the separation of the two strands of double helix. Denaturation occurs under extreme conditions o pH, salt concentration and temperatures |
| expressing vector | a plasmid that is used to introduce a specific gene into a target cell |
| restriction site | specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized as a "cut site" by a restriction enzyme |
| complementary DNA (cDNA) | DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzyme reverse transcriptase. A cDNA molecule therefore corresponds to a gene, but lacks the introns present in DNA of the genome |
| electroporation | significant increase in the electrical conductivity and permeability of the cell plasma membrane caused by an externally applied electrical field |
| genomic library | set of thousands of DNA segments from a genome, each carried by a plasmid, phage, or other cloning vector |
| cDNA library | a combination of cloned cDNA fragments inserted into a collection of host cells |
| polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating with special primers, DNA polymerase molecules and nucleotides |
| in vitro mutagenesis | fertilization of ova in laboratory containers followed by artificial implantation of the early embryo in the mother's uterus |
| Genetic Engineering | The direct maipulation of genes for practical Purposes |
| Recombinant DNA | A DNA Molecule made in vitro with segments from different sources |
| Biotechnology | The manipulation of living organisms of their components to produce useful products |
| Nucleic Acid Probe | In DNA technology, a labeled single-stranded nucleic acid molecule used to tag a specific nucleotide sequence in a nucleic acid sample. Molecules of the probe hydrogen-bond to the complementary sequence wherever it occurs; radioactive or other labeling of the probe allows its location to be detected |
| Gene Cloning | The production of multiple copies of a gene |
| Restriction Enzyme | A degradative enzyme that recogize and cuts up DNA (including that of certain phages) that is forerign to a bacterium |
| Antisense Nucleic Acid | Single stranded molecules of DNA or RNA tha has been constructed explicitly to base-pair with mRNA molecules and block their translation |
| Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) | Differences in DNA sequences in homologous chromosomes that can result in different patterns of restriction fragment length (DNA segments resulting from treatment with restriction enzyme); useful as genetic marker for making linkage maps |
| Ti Plasmid | plasmid of a tumor inducing bacterium that integrates a segment of its DNA into the host chromosome of a plant |
| Human Genome Project | International Colaboration effortto map and sequence the DNA of the entire human genome. |
| Gel Electrophoresis | Separation of nucleic acids or proteins on the bass of their size and electrical charge by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel. |
| Southern Blotting | hybridization technique that enables researchers to determine the presence of certain nucleotide sequences in a smple of DNA |
| Restriction Fragments | DNA segment resulting from cutting of DNA by a restriction enzyme. |
| Chromosome walking | sequencing of DNA segments between 1.3 and 7 kilobases. Divides long segments into shorter ones. |
| Vaccine | harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates the imune system of host to be able to fight off harmful virus. |
| Artificial Chromosomes | Man made chromosomes |
| DNA Microarray Assays | method of detecting and measuring the expression of thousands genes at one time. |
| DNA Fingerprint Simple Tandem Repeats | polymorphic genetic loci where different series of repeats occur. Used as markers. |
| In Vitro Mutagenesis | Identifying a gene's function by incerting a mutant version if the gene into a cell's chromosome to see what changes in the cell or organism. |
