| A | B |
|---|
| energy | capacity to perform work |
| kinetic energy | energy doing work |
| heat | energy associated with the movement of molecules in a body of matter |
| potential energy | stored energy |
| chemical energy | potential emergy of molocules, most impt. energy for living organisms |
| thermodynamics | study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter |
| 1st law of thermodynamics | total amt. of of emergy in the universe is consistant |
| 2nd law of thermodynamics | energy conversions reduce the order of the universe |
| entropy | disorder in a system |
| endergonic reactions | net imput of energy |
| exergonic reactions | chemical reaction that releases energy |
| cellular respiration | energy-releasing chemical breakdown of glucose molecules and the storage of the energy in a form that the cell can use to perform work |
| cellular metabolism | sum of endergonic and exergonic reactions |
| energy coupling | using energy released from exergonic reactions to drive essential endergonic reactions |
| phosphorylation | transfer of a phosphate group to a molecule |
| energy of activation | amt. of energy in a energy barrier |
| enzyme | protein molecule that serves as a biological catalyst |
| substrate | reactant in a chemical reaction |
| active site | small part in a enzyme, binds to a substrate |
| cofactors | nonprotein helpers, inorganic substance |
| coenzyme | a organic cofactor, compounds made from vitamins or just vitamins |
| competitive inhibitor | competes with the substrate for the active site on the enzyme |
| noncompetitive inhibitor | does not enter the active site |
| negative feedback | when a metabolic reaction is blocked by its products |
| selective permeability | allows some substances to cross more easily than others and blocks passage of some substances period |
| fluid mosaic | contains "things" in the membrane to help with the selective permeability |
| receptors | relays a message to a certain molecule to do a certain job |
| signal transduction | process of taking in a message, sending the message to a molocule to do a job |
| diffusion | high to low concentration |
| passive transport | diffusion of a substance across a membrane |
| concentration gradient | process of diffusion to reaching equilibrium |
| osmosis | diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane |
| hypertonic | solution with a higher concentration of solutes |
| hypotonic | solution with a low solute concentration |
| isotonic | solution with total concentration of solutes and water on the same sides of a membrane |
| osmoregluatiion | control of water balance |
| facilitated diffusion | when a substance moves down its concentration gradient |
| active transport | when a protein actively pumps a specific solute across a membrane AGAINST the solutes concentration gradient |
| exocytosis | process of exporting bulky materials from the cytoplasm |
| endocytosis | cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles or vacuoles from its plama membrane |
| phagocytosis | when a cell eats a food particle |
| pinocytosis | when a cell takes droplettes of fluid into vesicles/vacuoles |
| receptor-mediated endocytosis | when a vesicle picks out a particular molecule |
| hypercholesterolemia | high level of chesterol in the blood |
