| A | B |
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| What are the 5 major concepts of chemistry? | matter, all matter has NRG, NRG can be transferred, NRG can be transformed, matter exists in one of three physical states |
| matter | anything that occupies space (has mass, exhibits inertia) |
| all matter has NRG | the capacity to do work (potential - stored NRG kinetic - NRG of motion) |
| NRG can be transferred | conduction - direct contact; electromagnetic radiation - microwave, convection- oven |
| conduction | direct contact |
| electromagnetic radiation | microwave and sun tanning |
| convection | oven; cooking when heat is forced in food |
| NRG can be transformed | mechanical (friction) chemical (burning) radiant (light/heat) |
| matter exists in 1 of 3 states | solid, gas, liquid phase |
| solid | definite volume and shape; particles are held tight |
| liquid phase | definite volume assumes shape ; particles pass each other |
| gas | no definite volume or shape; particles are greatly separated |
| matter | anything that occupies space |
| mass | measure of matter in an object |
| inertia | resistance to change in motion |
| mass vs. weight | mass measures how much matter is in an object, while weight is a measure of how strongly gravity pulls on that matter |
| energy | the capacity to do work |
| potential energy | stroed energy (one of an object's position) |
| kinetic energy | energy of motion |
| radiant energy | NRG produced by electromagnetic waves |
| temperature | measure of hot/cold includes movement of atoms (increased movement of atoms and increased kinetic energy as object has higher temperature) |
| heat | the energy flow from one object to another |
| intermolecular forces | responsible to make phase changes |
| evaporation | water changes from a liquid to a gas |
| condensation | water changes state from a gas to a liquid |
| what the steps for the scientific method | define the problem; background research to answer ?; state hypothesis; conduct experiment; analyze data and draw conclusions |
| theory | hypothesis tested several times and explains a body of facts |
| law | a statement explaining the relationship between phenomena that are always the same under the same conditions |
| KNOW HOW TO USE SCIENTIFIC NOTATION | xxx |
| KNOW HOW TO COUND AND USE SIG FIGS know the rules for +/- and X/division | xxxx |
| SI system | the system of international units (metric system) |
| know SI prefixes | xxx |
| know conversions | xxx |
| density | d = m/v (grams/ml or cm3) |
| mass | m = v x d |
| volume | v - m/d |
| accuracy | how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity |
| precision | how close measurements are to each other |
| What is the difference between physical and chemical property? | xxx |
| physical property | a characteristic of an object that can be measured/observed without changing the nature of the object |
| chemical property | ability of a substance to react with another and how reactive it is (reactivity) |
| examples of physical property | color, shape, size, mass, length, boiling point, melting point |
| intensive | does not depend on amount of matter (ex: color, shape, texture, boiling point, melting point, density, temperature concentration) |
| extensive | depends on amount of matter (ex: mass, length, volume) |
| Examples of chemical properties | hydrogen burns in oxygen to form water |
| physical change | when you change the conditions the substance still hs the same chemical composition |
| chemical change | change involving the rearrangement of atoms |
| physical change examples | change in state, pounding, stretching, cutting (water ice water part) |
| chemical change | molding and boiling |
| chemical change examples | chemical change has occurred with odors, color change, gas, bublles, formation of a precipitate (solid, NRG is absorbed or released |
| substance | has definite composition and distinct properties |
| element | contatins only one type of atom |
| two examples of substances | elements and compounds |
| element | cannot be broken down into simpler substances trhough physical or chemical means |
| compound | composed of two or more different elements chemically bonded; cannot be separated |
| mixture | composition of 2 or more substances and each substance retians its properties |
| mixture | can be separated into component parts |
| homogenous | uniform throughout (salt water, glass) |
| heterogeneous | uneven throughout ex: air, gasoline, blood, soda clouds |
| solutions | particles of one substance are uniformly dispersed |
| solute | substance in smaller amount (salt) |
| solvent | sub present in larger aount (water) |
| filtration | separates solids from liquids |
| evaporation | heating liquid molecules into vapor, leaves behind solid |
| distillation | collects vapor |
| magnetic attraction | separates metal and non-metals |
| chromatography | separates materials by how they dissolve in a solvent |
| KNOW THE SCIENTISTS | SEE TIMELINE |
| the law of conservation of mass | matter can niether be created nor destroyed (mass of reactant - mass of product) |
| law of definite proportions | different samples of the same compound always contain its constitutent elements in the same proportions by mass |
| atomic theory | Democritus made it and it is the idea that all matter is made up of little units called atoms |
| diatomic molecules | molecules composed only of two atoms of either the same or different chemical elements (ex: H, O F, BR I N C) |
| electron | negatively charged particles |
| KNOW CATHODE RAY EXPERIMENT | xxx |
| proton | positively charged particle |
| KNOW PLUM PUDDIN MODEL AND FOIL EXPERIMENT | xx |
| neutron | a particle with a neutral charge |
| Nucleus has.... | protons and neutrons in nucleus (positive nucleus) |
| What orbits around it? | electrons |
| radioactivity | releasing radiation spontaneously |
| alpha particle | 2 protons and 2 neutrons |
| beta particle | electrons cause neutrons to turn into protons |
| gamma rays | speed of light - neutral charge |
| LOOK AT REVIEW SHEET | xxx |
| chemical formula | expression of the composition of molecules |
| molecular | shows the exact number of each atom of each element |
| empirical | tells which atoms are present and in their simplest whole number ration |
| simplest type of molecule | diatomic molecule |
| polyatomic molecule | molecules conating more than two atoms |
| allatrope | different forms of the same element |
| ion | atom with neutral charge |
| ATOMS ARE NOT ALWAYS NEUTRAL AND IONS ARE | xxx |
| cation | an ion with a positive charge - atom loses e- |
| anion | an ion with a negative charge - atoms gain e- |
| monoatomicion | contains one kind of atom ex: Na+ |
| polyatomic | contains more than one kind of atom ex: (OH) - |
