| A | B |
|---|
| Anatomy | structure of the body |
| Physiology | how the body works |
| Homeostasis | Keeping stable levels |
| Negative Feedback | end of stimulus stops the start of another cycle, controls homeostasis |
| urinary System | function is to remove waste (bladder, kidneys, etc.) |
| circulatory system | (Cardiovascular) function is to transport things around the body (blood, heart, blood vessels, etc.) |
| Respiratory system | function is to breath (oxygen in CO2 out) (lungs, nose, etc.) |
| Digestive System | breaks down food (stomach, liver, intestines, etc.) |
| Molecule | atoms bonded together, smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound |
| Cell | Everything (except water) is made of cells, building blocks |
| Tissue | made up of cells, specialized cells combined to create a layer which combined make up organs |
| Organ | combined tissues, has its own function |
| Organ System | organs combined, all have different functions that are centered around one main function of the entire system |
| Organism | all 11 organ systems combined to create an organism, with all the organ systems working together to live |
| Osmosis | diffusion of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from high concentration to low concentration |
| Diffusion | spreading of molecules from high concentration areas to low concentration areas |
| Selectively Permeable | a membrane which only allows certain things in or out |
| Passive Transport | movement through a membrane that does not require energy |
| Active Transport | movement through a membrane that requires energy |
| Concentration Gradient | The graduated difference in concentration of a solute per unit, distance through a solution |
| Pinocytocis | ingestion of a liquid into a cell through small vesicles |
| Phagocytosis | ingestion of bacteria by phagocytes, which can engulf another cell and absorb it |
| Solute Pumping | active transport by means of a protein channel |
| Sperm | male reproductive sex cell |
| Egg | female reproductive sex cell |
| Progenitor Cell | Progenitor cells divide, don’t have the terminator and become any kind of cell within a certain range |
| Zygote | the initial cell that an organism starts as |
| Stem Cells | can divide, have no terminator gene, such as progenitors, but can turn into anything, with no limits |
| Endoplasmic Reticula | network of membranous tubules in a cell, has ribosome’s attached, function – helps with protein and lipid synthesis in the cell |
| Flagella | thin, threadlike structure, whiplike appendage which allows bacteria and protozoa and sperm to “swim” |
| Mitochondria | organelle – energy production |
| Lysosome | organelle – contains enzymes enclosed in a membrane |
| Pseudopods | legs of white blood cell |
| Macrophage | (White blood cell) fights disease |
| Erythrocyte | (red blood cells) |
| Fibroblast | cell that connects, along with red blood cell, produces collagen and other fibers |
| Anatomical position | Arms down to sides, palms forward, toes forward, left and right= bodies left and right |
| Sagittal cut | (median) longitudinal cut down the center of the body |
| Transverse Cut | (cross, oblique[angle]) anywhere in the middle across |
| Frontal Cut | (coronal) longitudinal cut of the front and back |
| Thoracic Cavity | chest (mostly surrounded by ribs) |
| Diaphragm | bottom of thoracic cavity |
| Pelvic Cavity | somewhat surrounded by bone |
| Abdominal Cavity | only soft cavity with no bones |
| Cranial Cavity | head |
| Vertebral Cavity | spine |
| Abdominopelvic | term for the combined abdominal and pelvic regions |
| Sacral | region containing the sacrum (base of spine) |
| Buccal | cheek |
| Axillary | armpit |
| Gluteal | buttocks |
| Coxal | hip |
| Patellar | knee |
| poplitial | back of knee |
| Brachial | upper arm |
| Antebrachial | lower arm |
| Inferior | below |
| Superior | above |
| Anterior | front |
| Posterior | back |
| Proximal | above (appendages) |
| Distal | below (appendages) |
| Superficial | nearer to the surface |
| Epithelial tissue | covers body, cavities, etc. (skin) |
| muscle tissue | in the muscles (contraction) cause motion3 |
| connective tissue | fibrous, separate cells, matrix |
| nervous tissue | nervous system, communication |
| Skeletal muscle | One cell, contraction, skeletal muscle |
| smooth muscle | long nuclei, contraction, involuntary |
| cardiac muscle | split cells, contraction, heart |
| voluntary muscle | muscle that you control, as opposed to involuntary |
| mucuos membrane | secrets mucous |
| serosa membrane | secretes serous |
| cutaneous membrane | dry membrane (skin) |
| synovial membrane | in the joints |
| simple squamous | thin cells, allow diffusion, capillaries |
| simple columnar epithelial | cilia or goblet cells, protection, digestive tract |
| stratified squamous | the free surface, protection, esophagus |
| stratified columnar | along the top, protection, male urethra |
| transitional | cells, expansion, bladder |
| matrix | free space |
| free edge | connected to nothing (edge of a nail) |
| loose connective tissue | areolar, adipose, reticular |
| areolar | many fibers some look like "hairs", loose connection, connecting skin to body |
| adipose | Large "empty" cells, storage, fat beneath skin around muscles |
| reticular | like grapes, framework, liver and spleen |
| Skeletal system | walk on 2 feet, bones, ligaments, joints, support, protect, movement, makes red blood cells, storage, calcium, fat |
| bones | structure |
| ligaments | connects bones to bones |
| joints | connection between bones (articulation) |
| hematopiesis | creation of red blood cell, done by marrow |
| short bone | wider than it is long (wrists) |
| long bone | longer than it is wide (legs, arms,etc.) |
| flat bone | flat surface (skull, sternum, etc.) |
| sesmoid | knees |
| irregular bone | irregular shape (vertebrae, hips, etc.) |
| epiphysis | the ends of a long bone (distal/proximal) |
| periosteum | outside of the diaphysis of the bone |
| articular cartilage | outside of the epiphysis |
| compact bone | solid inside of diaphysis (shaft) |
| diaphysis | shaft of bone |
| epiphyseal plate | growing plate |
| hyaline cartilage | used for growing templates |
| medullary cavity | hollow cavity in bone |
| canaliculi | canals form in the matrix out from the lacuna |
| compound fracture | bone pops out from skin |
| osteocytes | “ bone cell” inside the lacuna |
| osteoblasts | start ossification– “bone builders” |
| lacunae | space inside the calcium matrix |
| osteoclast | destroy old bone |
| ossification | bone growth |
| hematoma | blood clot |
| foramen | opening or hole |
| sinus | cavity within a bone, especially nasal in the face |
| ramus | branch of a bone |
| facet | the side of something, (like the cut of a gem) |
| tubercle | round projection from a bone |
| parietal | relating to the wall of the body or body cavity |
| zygomatic | cheek bone |
| nasal | nose |
| mandible | jaw |
| temporal | side of head |
| sternum | breastbone |
| xiphoid process | cartilaginous section at the bottom of sternum |
| manubrium | part of sternum |
| acromion process | part of scapula |
| floating ribs | bottom ribs, not attached to sternum |
| pelvis | hips |
| pubic arch | area between the ischium and pubis |
| knee joint | knee cap, synovial, sesmoid |
| femur | thigh |
| tibia | inner shin |
| fibula | outer shin |
| patella | knee |
| phalanges | fingers and toes |
| metacarpals | knuckles |
| growing pains | bones pushing together during growth |
| synovial joint | all joints that are not fibrous or cartilaginous, allow all movement |
| joint cavity | fluid in joint for lubrication, (popping knuckles) |
| articular capsule | surrounds the bone |
| articulation | joint movement |
| ball and socket | 3 directions (hip) |
| gliding/plane | slide back and forth (short bones) |
| condyloid/ellipsoidal | 2 directions (knuckles) |
| hinge | elbows, knees, phalanges |
| saddle | thumbs |
| rotation/pivot | rotation (between atlas and axis)(between radius and ulna) |
| circumdunction | movement in a circle |
| extension | making straight (straightening arm) |
| flexion | making an angle (flexing arm) |
| adduction | bring back to body |
| abduction | lift away from body |
| pronation | bring from back to front (palm in the back) |
| plantar flexion | standing on toes |
| hyperextension | stretching beyond anatomical position |
| myofibril | inside muscle fibers |
| myofilament | pieces of myofirbil constructed from proteins |
| myofiber | muscle fibers, bundled up into a fascicle |
| fascicle | bundle of fibers |
| sacromere | unit of a myofibril – help with contraction |
| acetylcholine | a neurotransmitter |
| neurotransmitter | transfers nerve impulses |
| actin | protein that works with myosin in muscle contraction |
| myosin | protein that works with actin in muscle contraction |
| origin | where a muscle starts, from a bone |
| insertion | where a muscle ends, at a different bone (or part of the same bone) |
| synergist | works with a muscle |
| antagonist | works against a muscle |
| gastrocnemius | calf |
| hamstring | back of thigh |
| brachioradialis | forearm |
| gluteal muscles | maximus and medius (ass and outer pelvis) |
| soleus | deep calf |
| brachialis | deep to bicep |
| biceps brachii | font upper arm |
| triceps brachii | back upper arm |
| mastication | chewing |
| buccinators | cheek (whistling) |
| masseter | works with temporalis to chew |
| temporalis | works with masseter to chew hard |
| tibalis anterior | outer shin muscle |
| digestion | physiology - ingest, digest, absorb, excrete (breaking down of food) |
| anatomy | – alimentary – tube – 8 meters |
| mouth | teeth chew food, saliva begins to moisten it into a ball, bolus once it reaches the back of your throat |
| esophagus | tube that connects the mouth and the stomach |
| peristalsis | wave like contraction that moves food |
| stomach | j shaped, churns and breaks food apart, proteins – chemical digestion, aspirin and alcohol are only absorption, mucosa – folds (rugae) |
| small intestine | longest organ 22 feet long, enzymes break down, absorption mostly |
| duodenum | inverse shape of stomach,o Where secretions from accessory organs end up, where most chemical digestion occurs – shortest |
| jejunum | most absorption takes place |
| ileum | takes anything you don’t absorb and moves it to the large intestine |
| mesentery | film that holds intestines in place / provides a passageway for the blood vessels |
| large intestine | widest – water absorption |
| colon | breaks into 4 parts |
| ascending colon | goes up |
| transverse colon | goes sideways |
| descending colon | goes down |
| sigmoid colon | squiggly |
| salivary glands | secretes saliva in mouth to form food into bolus |
| liver | hepatic” – referring to liver, controls blood sugar, metabolize molecules – mostly fat, storage – fat and sugars, filter, detoxify, biggest mass, bile – emulsifies fats |
| pancreas | secretes enzymes for digestion of everything |
| mucosa layer | inner layer, lined with mucous |
| submucosa layer | 2nd layer |
| serosa layer | 3rd layer, movement |
| trachea | windpipe |
| pharynx | back of throat, holds food |
| uvula | when swallowing, swings up |
| epiglottis | when swallowing, covers trachea instead of esophagus |
| pyloric sphincter | Prevents food from going into the small intestine from stomach |
| lower esophageal sphincter | stops food from going back into esophagus |
| external anal sphincter | voluntary control |
| ileocecal sphincter | involuntary |
| villi | projections in the intestines, slows passage of food |
| chyme | bolus with no protein |
| mechanical digestion | digestion done by movement, (chewing, churning, etc.) |
| carbohydrates | sugars and starch |
| lipids | fats |
| protein | amino acid chain, makes everything in body |
| nucleic acids | DNA and RNA |
| pepsin | breaks down proteins |
| pancreatic amylase | breaks down carbs |
| lactase | broken into lactose |
| lipase | breaks down lipids |
| rugae | folds of stomach |
| cecum | holds digestive material |
| bile | emulsifies fats that cannot be broken down |
| mucous | allows things to slide down alimentary canal, lubrication |
| appendix | vestigial projection from large intestine |
| dentin | like bone on teeth |
| enamel | hardest substance on body |
| cuspids | fangs, 4, hold onto food |
| messentary | film that holds intestines in pleace |
| feces | chyme with no water (poop) |
| emesis | vomit |
| melanocytes | melanin forming cell |
| corneum | top layer of skin |
| lucidum | clear layer of dead skin, (palm) |
| granulosum | middle layer of skin |
| spinosum | keratinization begins here |
| basale | bottom layer, pushes up |
| eccrine | secretes water and fats |
| sebaceous | secretes sebum, which makes hair and skin waterproof |
| apocrine | Only in auxiliary and genital regions |
| hair follicle | around base of hair shaft and root, makes hair project towards skin |
| sudoriferous | sweat gland |
| demal papillae | ridges into the skin (finger prints) |
| messiners corpuscles | nerve endings for light touch |
| pacian corpuscles | nerve endings for pain and pressure |
| arrector pilli muscle | attached to every hair, makes them stand on end |
| keratin | makes up hair and nails |
| melanin | gives color to skin and hair |
| urea | chemical compound, clear, excreted in urine |
| dessication | state of extreme dryness |
| reticular layer | lower layer of dermis |
| papillary layer | upper layer of dermis, gives texture like a finger print |
| epidermis | top layer of skin, mostly dead cells |
| dermis | middle layer, contains all organs in the intergumentary system |
| free nerves | nerve endings not connected to a sensory receptor |
| temperature sensors | senses whether things are hot or cold |
| pain sensors | senses pain, when things are too hot or too cold, pain sensors react, not temperature |
| burns (1st, 2nd, 3rd) | burns layers of the skin, 1st – epidermis, 2nd, - dermis, 3rd - hypeodermis |
| callus | toughened area of skin |
| goose bumps | happens when skin becomes cold, or person is emotionally stressed |
| fingerprints | dermal papillae ridges, always different |
| elastic fibers | yellow fiber that gives elasticity to tissues |
| collagen | main protein in connective tissue |
| 1st Degree Burn | Epidermis |
| 2nd Degree Burn | Dermis |
| 3rd Degree Burn | Hypodermis |
