| A | B |
|---|
| The complexity, capital required, and geographic scope of railroads | Made railroads the nation's first big business |
| Generous government subsidies and land grants | Enable the massive expansion of railroad mileage in the post-Civil War period |
| Development of steel rails, standard gauge, and time zones | Improve the quality and efficiency of railroads after the Civil War |
| Improved railroads and other transportation developments, and communication | Create a large national market instead of regional markets |
| Development of electricity | Changes the concept of night and day and increases industrial productivity |
| Vertical and horizontal integration | Enable large companies to be more efficient and drive out of business smaller companies |
| The Bessemer process | Steel manufacturing became cheaper and higher quality steel is produced |
| The idea of the Gospel of Wealth | Defends the idea of the wealthy gaining their riches because of God's duty and results in increased philanthropy (ex: donations to higher education) |
| Government attempts to regulate railroads and trusts | Were only partially successful because legislation was full of loopholes and courts sided with business |
| The decline of skilled jobs in the factory and the use of women, children, and immigrants in the labor force | Results in a lowering of wages |
| Industries with large numbers of immigrant workers | Labor unions found it difficult to unionize because of linguistic and cultural barriers |
| Government siding with business, the use of yellow dog contracts, blacklisting, the company store and spies | Weakened the power of labor unions |
| Haymarket Square Riot (1886) | The end of the Knights of Labor and a growing association of labor with radicalism |
| The Pullman Strike | Federal troops broke the strike because mail service was interrupted- Eugene V. Debs was radicalized toward socialism |
| Samuel Gompers' resentment of the broad-based Knights of Labor | The American Federation of Labor only included skilled labor and focused on "bread and butter unionism" |
| The growing gap between rich and poor, capitalist excesses, and other ill-effects of industrialization | Increased the appeal of radical ideals such as socialism and anarchism among the lower classes |
| Corrupt financial dealings and political manipulations by the railroads | Created a public demand for railroad regulation, such as the Interstate Commerce Act |
| The growing mechanization and depersonalization of factory work | Often made laborers feel powerless and vulnerable to their well-off corporate employers |
