| A | B |
|---|
| Flood of immigrants and native-born Americans from the countryside | American urban areas rapidly grow in the post-Civil War period |
| Deteriorating economic conditions in Eastern and Southern European rural areas | Push many of the New Immigrants out of their countries |
| The rapid growth of urban areas | Infrastructure, sewage, etc. often lag behind population growth |
| Disease, pollution, unsanitary conditions, fires, crime, etc. | Make urban areas dangerous places to live |
| Improved methods of transportation such as trolleys and subways | Development of suburbs and distinct districts within the city |
| Dumbbell tenements | Result in increased population densities- especially in immigrant neighborhoods |
| The arrival of the New Immigrants of the 1880s-1920s | 1st time a large number of immigrants come from Eastern and Southern Europe (ex: Italians, Greeks, Poles, Russians) |
| Conditions in the United States do not live up to expectation or the intent was to make money for the family back home | About 1/3 of the New Immigrants are "birds of passage" |
| The poverty of many of the New Immigrants | The New Immigrants cluster in urban areas of the Northeast and Midwest, working in low-paying factory jobs |
| The Catholic and Jewish religions, poverty, lack of familiarity with democratic ideals | Increase nativism and the rise of the American Protective Association and Immigration Restriction League |
| Charles Darwin's theory of evolution | Undermined Protestant fundamentalism and organized religion by challenging the literal interpretation of the Bible |
| Social gospel ministers and settlement-house workers | Assisted immigrants and other slum dwellers and increased middle-class consciences about urban problems |
| The passage of the Morrill Act of 1862 | Increased the number of state agricultural and mechanical colleges such as Texas A&M |
| The belief education is essential to a democracy | increase the number of states with compulsory school attendance laws and high schools |
| Racism and an economy based on racism | Education spending lags behind in the South |
| The German model of graduate education | Johns Hopkins becomes the United States' first graduate school |
| White workers’ resentment of Chinese labor competition | Caused anti-Chinese violence and restrictions against Chinese immigration |
| The stresses of urban life on the family | Lower birth rate and higher divorce rate |
| The application of Darwin's theories to man | Social Darwinism and "survival of the fittest" is used to justify the robber barons, racism, and imperialism |
| Horatio Alger's stories and Russell Conwell's "Acres of Diamonds" Lectures | Pushed the idea that one could become wealthy if they worked hard enough |
| Decreased worked hours and increase of leisure time | Increase in popularity of spectator sports such as baseball |
| Immigrant cultural influences on American cultural life | Vaudeville shows become very popular |
| Realism in American culture | Rise of the Ashcan School of art, the novels of Mark Twain and Theodore Dreiser |
