| A | B |
|---|
| pollen cone | cone in gymnosperms that produces male gametophytes in form of pollen grains |
| seed cone | cone that produces female gametophytes |
| ovule | A structure that develops in the plant ovary and contains the female gametophyte |
| pollen tube | structure grown by a pollen grain |
| sepal | A whorl of modified leaves in angiosperms that encloses and protects the flower bud before it opens |
| petal | brightly colored structure just inside the sepal |
| stamen | The pollen-producing male reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of an anther and filament |
| filament | In flowers, the stalk of a stamen |
| anther | The terminal pollen sac of a stamen, inside which pollen grains with male gametes form in the flower of an angiosperm |
| carpel | The female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary |
| ovary | In flowers, the portion of a carpel in which the egg-containing ovules develop |
| style | In angiosperms, the stalk of a carpel, down which the pollen tube grows |
| stigma | In plants, the region of a carpel serving as a receptive surface for pollen grains, which germinate on it |
| embryo sac | The female gametophyte of angiosperms, formed from the growth and division of the megaspore into a multicellular structure with eight haploid nuclei |
| endosperm | A thick-coated, resistant cell produced within a bacterial cell exposed to harsh conditions |
| double fertilization | A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms, in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the embryo sac to form the zygote and endosperm |
| vegetative reproduction | Cloning of plants by asexual means |
| stolon | in fungi, a stemlike hypha that runs along the surface of an object |
| grafting | use of a stem as a scion |
| budding | An asexual means of propagation in which outgrowths from the parent form and pinch off to live independently or else remain attached to eventually form extensive colonies |
| dormancy | A period during which growth ceases and metabolic activity is greatly reduced; dormancy is broken when certain requirements, for example, of temperature, moisture, or day length, are met |
| germination | In plants, the resumption of growth or the development from seed or spore |
