| A | B |
|---|
| sociological perspective | seeing the general in the particular (reveals the power of society to shape individual lives) |
| sociology | systematic study of human society |
| symbolic interactionism | building theory that sees society as the product of every day interactions of individuals |
| Who named sociology in 1838? | Auguste Comte |
| positivism | knowledge base on "positive" facts rather than just speculation/assumptions COMTE |
| culture shock | personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life |
| culture | WAY OF LIFE the ways of thinking, acting and material objects that together form a people's way of life |
| sociobiology | explores long history of evolution has shaped patterns of culture in today's world |
| norms | unwritten rules and expectations by which society guides behaviors of members (riding elevator facing door) |
| values | broad guidelines for social living/culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good and beautiful |
| cultural change results from..... | invention, discovery and diffusion |
| subculture | cultural patterns that set apart some segment of society's population |
| counterculture | cultural patterns that strongly oppose the widely accepted within society |
| ethnocentrism | judging another culture by standards of your own culture |
| cultural relativism | judging a culture by its own standards |
| survey | research method where subjects respond to a series of statements or questions on a questionnaire or an interview |
| correlation | relationship in which two or more variables change together |
| structural functionalism | building a theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability |
| examples of social structures | education, religion, family, government, medicine |
| Auguste Comte | made up word sociology, turned scientific method into positivism |
| Emile Durkheim | Frenchman, finished Comte's dream of positivism, looked at suicide rates and population density |
| Herbert Spencer | British; saw society like a body and every part has a function and if you are missing a part, it doesn't work; Also, he came up with "survival of the fittest" and Darwin took it from him |
| conflict theory | a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change |
| Karl Marx | German, exploited working class by owners of production; pushed for revolution to change social order |
| W E B DuBois | lst black man to get degree from Harvard, founded NAACP, work to change society for racial equality |
| Harriet Martineau | British feminist; primary job was to translate Comte's work to English; worte on slavery and women's voting |
| Max Weber | German, understanding social context from experiences of those in it without judgment; worked on organizations "protestant work ethic" |
| Erving Goffman | Canadian, drama approach constantly actors acting in a role in society |
| dramaturgical analysis | social interaction is like a theater performance----see the word drama in it |
| Elizabeth Kubler Ross | 5 stage model describing transition to death (denial anger, negotiation, resignation, acceptance) |
| Erik Erikson | German, life is a series of stages (infant, toddler, preschool, grade school, adolescence, young adulthood, adulthood, old age |
| What are the 5 stages of death in order | denial, anger, negotiation, resignation and acceptance |
| George Mead | concept of SELF; a person's personality is made up of self-awareness and self-image |
| 4 steps of Mead's SELF | self only develops with social experience, social experience is exchange of symbols; understand intention from other's point of view; become other than self aware |
| Charles Cooley | looking glass -- how other people see you |
| What are the agents of socialization | family, school, peers, and mass media |
| Carol Gilligan | gender plays important role in moral development (males interested in rightness females -effect of actions on relationships) |
| Sigmund Freud | 2 needs of humans (bondin or life instinct "eros" and death instinct "thamatos" |
| eros | bonding or life instinct |
| thamatos | death instinct |
| non material culture | ideas created by members of society |
| material culture | physical things in culture |
| urbanization | concentration of people into the cities |
| idealism | values are the core of a culture |
| McDonaldization | we model many aspects of life based on McDonald restaurant chain |
| 4 principles of McDonaldization | efficiency, predictability, uniformity, control |
| secularization | decline of importance of supernatural and the sacred |
| quantitative | numerical measurements of outward behavior (positivism sociology) |
| qualitative | sociologists perceptions of how people understand their world (interpretive sociology) |
| Sapir-Whorf hypothesis | people see the world and understand it thru cultural lens of language |
| focus group | a representative group questioned together about their opinions on political issues, consumer products |
| ethnography | scientific description of individual cultures |
| industrialization | help develop sociology by using large scale industry |
| causation | relation of cause to effect |
| cultural transmission | the process by which one generation passes culture to the next |
| language | a system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another |
| beliefs | specific ideas that people hold to be true |
| technology | knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings |
| total institution | a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and controlled by an administrative staff |
| in group | a social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty |
| out group | a social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition |
| social network | xx |
| bureaucracy | an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently |
| rationalization | Weber's term for the historical change from tradition to rationality as the main type of human thought |
| primary group | a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships |
| secondary group | a large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity |
| cohort | a category of people with something in common, usually their age |
| eurocentrism | dominance of European cultrual patterns |
