| A | B |
|---|
| aggregate demand | total demand for goods and services in an economy |
| aggregate supply | total supply of goods and services in an economy |
| bourgeoisie | group in a society that carries on commerce and industry ( the middle class; distinct from landowners, wage earners, farmers) |
| deficit spending | practice where a government spends more money that it receives as revenue. Usually refers to the conscious effort to stimulate economic growth by lowering taxes or increasing government expenditures |
| devaluation | official reduction in the exchange value of a currency by lowering its gold equivalency or its value relative to another currency |
| diversification | a variety of exports including industrial and agricultural goods; can generate wealth and a favorable balance of trade for a country |
| economic growth | increase in a nations GNP ( 4-5 % a year is considered good) |
| economic warfare | using a variety of economic means (sanctions, embargos, tariffs) to hurt the economy of a rival nation(s) |
| embargo | government order prohibiting the entry or departure of commercial ships, or planes. Also refers to any restriction imposed on commerce by law. |
| favorable/unfavorable balance of trade | when a nation exports more than it imports; or the reverse |
| free trade | trade carried on without government regulation, especially international trade |
| free trade area (FTA) | territory covered by a economic cooperative arrangement among two or more nations |
| globalization | movement of nations toward more and more economic interdependence |
| G-7 | seven most industrialized nations (USA, UK, FR, Ger., Italy, Japan, Canada) |
| GDP | gross domestic product ( only within a nation) |
| GNP | gross national product (everywhere) |
| heavily indebted poor countries (HIPCs) | nations facing unsustainable debt burdens, but have tried to reform according to the IMF |
| infrastructure | the structure that underlies and makes possible all economic activity in a country (communications, roads, bridges, schools, etc…) |
| International Monetary Fund | based in Washington, DC; provides financial advice and funding to countries that are experiencing debt payment difficulties |
| laissez-faire | hand off” free market economic system; most associated with capitalism |
| megacity | urban area over 10 mil. People |
| monocultural exportation | a nation being too dependant on one major crop; leads to poverty |
| most favored nation (MFN) | economic treaty between two nations where one offers the best deal to the other; usually reciprocated (ex: USA and China) |
| nationalize | to take over ownership by a national government |
| NAFTA | North American Free Trade Agreement (1994) (USA, Canada, Mexico) 2nd largest free-trade area (EU 1st) in the world |
| per capita income | wealth of a nation (GNP) divided among its population |
| private sector | part of the economy NOT involved with the public sector (government) |
| privatization | transferring government ownership to individuals |
| protectionism | protecting domestic manufacturers from foreign competition by imposing tariffs and quotas on imported goods |
| sanctions | a coercive economic measure, usually adopted by several nations, for forcing a country resisting international law to desist or yield to adjudication |
| standard of living | quality of life of a nation based on goods and services available to the population |
| tariff | a “tax” imposed by a government on imported or exported goods |
| World Bank | a multinational lending agency that tried to reduce poverty by promoting sustainable economic growth for nations in assistance |
| World Trade Organization (WTO) | est. in 1995; a multinational organization that helps regulate and promote global trade issues |
| Global Stratification | Refers to the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a global or societal basis |
| Social Stratification | The hierarchical arrangement of large social groups (classes) based on their control over basic resources |
| social mobility | The movement of individuals or groups from one level in a stratified system to another |
| Intergenerational Mobility | Movement of people from one generation to the next |
| Intragenerational Mobility | Movement of individuals within their own lifetime |
| Slavery | Form of extreme closed system |
| Caste system | System of social inequality based on people’s status determined by birth |
| Class system | Type of stratification based on ownership and control of resources or based on income and type or work, mobility can be upward or downward |
| Low-Income | per capita GNP of $825 or less |
| Middle-Income | per capita GNP of $825 to $10,000 |
| High-Income | per capita GNP of $10,000 and up |
| Absolute Poverty | people do not have the means to secure the most basic life necessities (food, clean water, adequate shelter) |
| Relative Poverty | people can afford basic life necessary but not an average standard of living for their society |
| Subjective Poverty | measuring and comparing actual income/wealth against a person’s expectations and perceptions |
| Drugs | largest; 50 bill/year |
| Weapons | 2nd largest |
| Smuggling (goods and people) | 3rd largest |
| Traffic and sale of Wemon and children | 4th largest; 27 mill in the world; most in bonded labor or debt; most used in prostitution or manual labor |
| Traffic and sale of human body parts | 5th largest; used for medical industry and transplants |
| India | Lack of education; Lack of political rights; Son is a preference; Dowry; No “adolescence”; Environmental resources |
| Japan | Decline birthrates; Work maintain lifestyle; Cost of childcare; Crisis cost of: Healthcare, Retirement, No tax money |
| Sub-Sahara Africa | No Health services; Orphans; Rise: Crime, Conflict |
| air logistic support | air landings or drops for the purpose of supply , movement of personnel, evacuation or recovery |
| air strike | bombing against any strategic or tactical target not in direct support of troops |
| anti-personnel mines | kill or injure soldiers; very dangerous to civilians |
| armistice | ending of hostilities |
| asymmetrical threat | non-“traditional” or not state-sponsored; ex: terrorism |
| atrocities | acts of unusually cruelty |
| biological warfare | use of disease producing agents on plants, animal or people |
| blockade | ships prevent goods from reaching enemy ports |
| blue helmets | nickname for UN Peacekeepers |
| border monitoring | international observers who report on goods and issues between national borders |
| buffer zone | a neutral space created by the withdrawal of both hostile parties |
| The Caucasus | a volatile region of central Asia; formerly part of the USSR and is a significant crossroads for world energy from the Caspian Sea region (Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Chechnya) |
| chemical warfare | use of toxic chemical compounds, including defoliants and herbicides |
| civil war | war b/t a government and a faction of the same state, nether clearly recognized as the legitimate government |
| collective security | agreement by a group of nations to defend the other in case of an attack on any member |
| concentration camp | internment center for political prisoners and members of minority groups for “reasons of state security” |
| Dayton Peace Accords | 1995 peace agreement ending the war over the former Yugoslavia, b/t Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia |
| demilitarized zone (DMZ) | are between the forward lines of two hostile parties |
| ethnic cleansing | expulsion, imprisonment or killing of ethnic minorities by the majority |
| ethnocentrism | belief in the superiority of one’s own culture or ethnic group |
| genocide | systematic killing of a whole nation of people |
| guerrilla | small forces or irregular volunteer troops; usually harass enemy supplies and communications |
| host nation support (HNS) | support by a host nation for UN Peacekeeping operations |
| Implementation Force | Yugoslavia: UN supported NATO forces to keep the peace in Bosnia |
| interoperability | ability of military systems, units and forces to communicate with other civilian and military systems |
| inter-/intra-state conflict | conflict within or between nations |
| joint task force (JTF) | US military concept of combining Navy, Army, Air Force and Marine units for a specific mission |
| Karachi Agreement | cease fire signed in 1949 between India and Pakistan over the states of Kashmir and Jammu |
| Line of Control in Kashmir | 700 km. frontier separating Indian and Pakistani forces in Kashmir |
| Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement | tentative peace agreement signed in 1999 (widely ignored) stopping the war between Congo, Angola, Namibia, Zimbabwe versus Rwanda and Uganda |
| NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization; formed in 1949 by 12 democratic nations to defend each other if attacked |
| Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty(NPT) | signed in 1970, it was intended to limit the nuclear states to the five SC permanent members |
| observer mission | unarmed military officers to monitor cease fire agreements |
| PLO | Palestinian Liberation Organization; formed in 1964 with the purpose of creating a homeland for Palestinians in Israel |
| paramilitary | being similar to the military; but unofficial |
| partisan | members or guerilla bands or other unofficial lightly armed troops |
| peacekeeper/peacekeeping operation | UN sponsored and Security council backed operation to create or keep the peace between warring factions |
| rapid deployment force (RDF) | a short notice contingency force, formed unilaterally or with partners, to be deployed in situations in which its military organization, training, equipment or communications enable it to cope with a variety of situations; humanitarian, disaster relief, separate warring factions to actual combat |
| rapid reaction force (RRF) | name given to NATO led and UN backed forces capable of doing RDF |
| “Road Map” to Middle East Peace | current plan to hand over “land for peace” between Israel and the Palestinians |
| Security Council | main organ within the UN responsible for maintaining peace and security; composed of 5 permanent and 10 rotating members with two year terms elected by the General Assembly |
| stand-by forces | capabilities made available to the UN by member states, military, police, specialized personnel or equipement |
| START I & II | Strategic Arms Reduction Talks, 1993-94 between USA and Russia to reduce the active deployment of ICBMs |
| Sunshine Policy | current policy of active engagement and reconciliation by the government of South Korea towards North Korea |
| TMD (Theater Missile Defense) | ). USA backed defensive system designed to protect an area smaller than the entire USA from attack by a long range ballistic or nuclear missile |
| war crime | . a crime committed during or in connection with war; genocide, ethnic cleansing or prisoner mistreatment |
| Westphalian Doctrine | political theory named for the treaty that ended the Thirty Years War (1618-48) that provided the framework for European relations for over two centuries; idea that sovereign states do not get involved with other sovereign states’ internal affairs |
| white helmets | . UN sponsored international volunteer rapid response teams to provide humanitarian relief to emergencies |
| Zionism | . international movement for the support of a Jewish homeland in Palestine and later for support for Israel |
| UN | Ban Ki-moon |
| Venezuela | Hugo Chavez |
| Brazil | Dilma Rousseff |
| Russia | Vladimir Putin/Dmitri Medvedev |
| Great Britain | David Cameron |
| Germany | Angela Merkel |
| Egypt | Hosni Mubarak |
| Israel | Benjamin Netanyahu |
| India | Manmohan Singh |
| Pakistan | Asif Ali Zardari |
| India | Manmohan Singh |
| China | Hu Jintao |
| Japan | Naoto Kan |
| South Africa | Jacob Zuma |
