| A | B |
|---|
| Muhammad | Founder of Islam. Worked as a shepherd and married Khadija. Had a vision and founded new religion. Wife was first to convert. |
| Women under Islam | First had more rights, but as Islam grew, they were taken away |
| Reasons for conquest success | Rival empires were weak, strong armies, welcomed Muslims as liberators, wide acceptance of Islamic faith. Main reason was the soldiers' faith in Islam. |
| Sunnis | Caliph chosen by Muslims in community. 90% of Muslims today. Caliph was leader, but not religious authority. Not as strict |
| Shiites | Caliph descender of Muhammad. Most livein Iran, Lebanon, Iraq, and Yemen. Believed descendents were divinely inspired. Believe in martyrs. Stricter. |
| Muslim trading | Had a trade network linking Europe, Asia, and Africa |
| Slaves in Muslim World | Slaves were brought from conquered lands. Muslims could not be enslaved. If a slave converted, their childeren would be free. A female slave who married her owner gained freedom. Law encouraged freeing of slaves. Many slaves bought freedom. |
| Mughal Dynasty | 1526-1857. Babur was founder. Akbar the Great was the greatest ruler. Declined when Aurangzeb resumed persecution of Hindus in late 1600s. |
| Ottoman Empire | Ottomans expanded all over Asia and tried to get into Europe. Captured Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul. Golden age under the sultan Suleiman from 1520-1566. Was known as "Lawgiver." They had social organization and strong janissary armies. Were influenced by Persian styles. Declined in 1700s when Eupore got ahead of them and territories broke away. |
| Connections between Islam Judaism and Christianity | Monotheistic, heaven/hell, same prophets, holy texts |
| Sultan | Muslim ruler |
| Caliph | Successor to Muhammad |
| Hijra | Muhammad's journey from Mecca to Yathrib (Medina) |
| Mosque | Muslim place of worship |
| Quran | Muslim holy text. Told how to live life and teaches about God. Emphasize honesty, generosity, and social justice. Final authority on all matters. |
| Janissaries | Elite force of the Ottoman army |
| Millet | Religious community under the Ottoman empire |
| Hajj | Pilgrimage to Mecca |
| Jihad | Holy war and effort in God's service |
| Urdu | Language that evolbed as a marriage of Persian, Arabic, and Hindi |
| Minaret | Top of mosque |
| Sikhism | Blend of Hindu and Islam. Nanak founded it. |
| Akbar the Great | Cheif builder of the Mughal empire. Ruled from 1556 to 1605 and created strong central government. Tolerated Hindus, ended tax on non Muslims. Modernized army. Encouraged trade. |
| Nur Jahan | Most powerful woman in Indian history. Wife of Jahangir who was a weak emperor, so she mostly governed. Was an able leader. |
| Baghdad | Abbisid Empire capital. In present day Iraq. Excellent military camp on the Tigris. Good for trading. Exceeded Constantinople in size and wealth. "City of Peace, Paradise on Earth." Very beautiful. |
| Abbassid dynasy | Abu-al-Abbas was founder. Ended Arab dominance and helped make Islam universal. Empire reached its greatest wealth and power. Islamic civilization golden age. Capital Baghad. |
| Muslim Presence in Spain | 700s-1492 Spain was Muslim. One of the most brilliant corners of the Muslim world. Poetry, arts, and scholarship were big there. |
| Muslim Poetry | Rich tradition of oral poetry, spread to Europe. Later Arab poets developed formal rules for writing poetry. Religious and worldly themes. |
| Abbas the Great | From 1588 to 1629 centralized government and created a powerful military force modeled on Ottoman janissaries. Mixture of forve and diplomacy against Ottomans. Sought alliances with European states. Reduced taxes on famers and herders. Tolerated non Muslims. Brought Armenians who controlled trade to Isfahan. Flourished as a center of Persian culture. Walked streets of Isfahan dressed commonly to get opinion of peasants. |
