| A | B |
|---|
| prophase | Stage of mitosis in which chromatin condense into chromosomes. |
| telophase | Stage of mitosis in which the nucleolus reappears. |
| metaphase | Stage of mitosis which ensures that the new cells have accurate copies of the chromosomes |
| interphase | Stage in which the cell grows during this stage. |
| genetic recombination | the product of crossing over - a new mixture of genetic material |
| oogenesis | the production of mature egg cells |
| independent assortment | during meiosis, the random distribution of genes from different chromosomes to the gametes |
| crossing over | the exchange of genes by reciprocal segments of homologous chromosomes during meiosis |
| polar body | one of two small cells produced and discarded during each of the two meiotic divisions that yield the haploid egg |
| gamete | a reproductive cell |
| spermatid | in meiosis, a haploid cell that develops into a mature sperm cell |
| synapsis | the pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis |
| spermatogenesis | the production of sperm cells |
| sexual reproduction | the production of offspring from the combination of genetic material from two parent organisms |
| asexual reproduction | the production of offspring that does not involve the union of gametes |
| tetrad | a group of two homologous chromosomes during meiosis |
| histone | a protein molecule that DNA wraps around during chromosome formation |
| anaphase | a phase of mitosis and meiosis in which the chromosomes separate |
| diploid | a cell that contains both chromosomes of a homologous pair |
| haploid | having only one chromosome of each homologous pair |
| metaphase | the second phase of mitosis, during which all the chromosomes move to the cell’s equator |
| binary fission | an asexual cell division of prokaryotes that produces identical offspring |
| homologous chromosome | one of a pair of morphologically similar chromosomes |
| interphase | a period of cell growth and development that precedes eukaryotic cell nuclear division |
| prophase | the first stage of mitosis and meiosis, characterized by condensation of chromosomes |
| spindle fiber | one of the microtubules that extend across a dividing eukaryotic cell |
| mitosis | eukaryotic nuclear divisions |
| telophase | the final stage of mitosis during which a nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosomes |
| chromatid | one of two identical parts of a chromosome |
| centromere | a region of the chromosome where the two sister chromatids are held together |
| karyotype | a picture of an individual’s chromosomes |
| centriole | a struture that appears during mitosis in animal cells |
| kinetochore | a disk-shaped protein found in the centromere region of a chromosome |
| sex chromosome | a chromosome that determines sex |
| centrosome | a dark body containing a centriole in animal cells but not in plant cells |
| cell plate | a membrane that divides newly forming plant cells following mitosis |
| autosome | a chromosome that is not a sex chromosome |
| cell cycle | the events of cell division includes interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis |
| meiosis | the process of nuclear division that reduces the number of chromosomes in a cell by half |
| cleavage furrow | the area of a cell membrane that pinches in and eventually separates the dividing cell |
| cytokinesis | the division of the cytoplasm of one cell into two new cells |
