| A | B |
|---|
| Cabinet | A group of department heads who serve as the president's chief advisors. |
| Democratic-Republicans | Political party known for its support of strong state governments, founded by Thomas Jefferson in 1792 in opposition to the Federalist Party. |
| Two-Party System | A political system dominated by two major parties. |
| Protective Tariff | A tax on imported goods that is intended to protect a nation's businesses from foreign competition. |
| Excise Tax | A tax on the production, sale or use of goods produced within a country; a sales tax. |
| Sectionalism | The placing of the interests of one's own region ahead of the interests of the nation as a whole. |
| Nullification | A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional. |
| Alien | Belonging to or coming from another country; foreign |
| Sedition | Rebellion against one's country; treason |
| Neutrality | Not helping or supporting either side, especially in a war. |
| Precedent | An earlier event or action used as a guide/ example for current action. |
| Judiciary Act of 1789 | Created the Supreme Court and lower Federal Courts. |
| Alien and Sedition Acts | A series of laws that extended the period of time required to become a citizen and punished people who spoke views contrary to those of the government. |
| Bank of the United States | A national bank, created by Congress and funded by both the federal government and private investors. |
| Pinkney's Treaty | In this treaty, the border with Spanish Florida was established and Spain gave up claim to any OTHER land east of the Mississippi River. |
| Treaty of Greenville | Signed by the US and the Miami Confederacy, this was an agreement that the Native Americans would leave the Ohio Territory. |
| Jay's Treaty | The British agree to evacuate all forts in the NW Territory within 6 months and America agrees to grant Britain "most favored nation" trade status. |
| Judiciary Act of 1801 | A law that increased the number of federal judges, allowing President Adams to fill the Courts with Federalist judges before he left office. |
| Marbury v. Madison | An 1803 Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that it could declare acts of Congress unconstitutional. This power came to be known as judicial review. |
| Louisiana Purchase | The 1803 purchase by the US of France's Louisiana Territory--extending from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains--for $15 million. |
| 12th Amendment | Changes the method for electing the President. Now, President and Vice President are voted on separately by the Electoral College. |
| Treaty of Ghent | The 1814 treaty that ends the War of 1812. |
| Midnight Judges | One of the judges appointed by John Adams in the last hours of his presidency. |
| Judicial Review | The Supreme Court's power to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional. |
| Blockade | To seal off a port and prevent ships from entering or leaving. |
| Impressment | The forcible seizure of men to serve in the military (usually the navy). |
| Embargo | A government ban on trade with one or more nations. |
| War Hawks | Congressmen from the Southern and Western states who advocated (supported) war with Britain. |
| Armistice | A truce, or an agreement to end fighting. |
| Lame Duck | People who have not been RE-ELECTED to their office, but still have time left in their term. They generally have little or no support from other officials. |
| Commission | Official document authorizing certain duties and powers. |
| Petition | In law, a formal, written request to a court asking for a specific action. |
| Writ of Mandamus | A court order requiring a government official to carry out his or her official duty. |
| Dilemma | A difficult choice between two relatively equal options. |
| Original Jurisdiction | The authority of a court to be the first to hear and decide a case. |
| Appellate Jurisdiction | The right of a court to hear a case "on appeal" after the original court has acted. |
