| A | B |
|---|
| clade | group of organisms related by descent |
| grade | (also called a paraphyletic group) consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants. An example of this group is the dinosaurs (without including the birds). |
| synapomorphy | a derived character that is unique to and thus defines a particular clade |
| monophyletic group | (includes most recent common ancestor and all descendants) |
| paraphyletic group | (includes most recent common ancestor BUT not all descendants) |
| polyphyletic | (does not include most recent common ancestor) |
| paraphyletic basal assemblage | A group of nodes in a tree is one which is constructed by taking a monophyletic group and removing one or more smaller monophyletic groups; (Removing one group produces a singly group, removing two a doubly group, and so on. non-monophyletic |
| polytomy | is a section of a phylogeny in which the evolutionary relationships can not be fully resolved to dichotomies |
| sister group | The two clades resulting from the splitting of a single lineage. |
| sister taxa | any taxa derived from a common ancestral node |
| List the three domains of living organisms | Domain Archaea, Domain Bacteria, Eukarya |
| The most widely accepted classification system today includes | three domains and six kingdoms |
| Eukarya Domain's Kingdom's | Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Animalia |
| Protista | is not a monophyletic group |
| relationship of Plantae and Animalia to members of Protista | Both belong to Eukarya Domain |
| haploid | Having a single set of chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell. Mosses, and many protists and fungi |
| diploid | Having two different sets of chromosomes in the same nucleus of each cell. Most metazoans and plants |
| mitosis | The process of nuclear division in eukaryotes; The replication of a cell to form two daughter cells with identical sets of chromosomes. |
| meiosis | A special process of cell division comprising two nuclear divisions in rapid succession that result in four gametocytes, each containing half the number of chromosomes found in somatic cells. A two-stage type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms. |
| gamete | cells that must join to another cell before a new organism is produced |
| fertilization | The penetration of the female egg by the male sperm in order to create offspring. |
| syngamy | fusion of gametes to form a zygote, first diploid cell for a diploid organism |
| plasmogamy | A process of fusion of the cytoplasm of two cells; the first step in syngamy. |
| karyogamy | A process of fusion of the nuclei of two cells; the second step in syngamy. |
| zygote | The product of gamete fusion; A diploid cell resulting from the union of two gametes; a diploid nucleus resulting from the union of two haploid nuclei. |
| Domain Archaea | include methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles |
| Domain Bacteria | bluegreen algae, Escherichia coli |
| Eukarya | includes protozoa, algae, water molds, and slime molds; • includes molds and yeasts; plants and animals |
