| A | B |
|---|
| axis | where leaves attach in spirals, whorls of 3+, or opposite pairs |
| node | where leaf is attached |
| internode | area between nodes |
| axillary bud | between leaf and stem, may form new stem or flowers |
| terminal bud | extend length of stem |
| vascular cambium | divides to form secondary vascular tissues, increasing girth |
| annual rings | growth confined to warm weather and/or rainy season {can give an idea of growing seasons over time (larger = better year)} |
| rhizomes | horizontal underground stems (ferns, irises, perennial grasses) |
| runners and stolons | horizontal stems above ground (strawberries); definition of stolon varies |
| tuber | carbohydrates concentrated at tip of stolons, which swell (example: potato); “eyes” are axillary buds that can form new plants |
| tendrils | twine around a support and help plant to climb (grapes, ivy) – some tendrils are actually modified leaves (peas, pumpkins) |
| cladophylls | flattened, photosynthetic stems that resemble leaves (found in cacti and some other plants; cactus leaves are modified into spines) |
| petiole | dicot – flattened blade and slender stalk |
| heartwood | vessels become blocked and waste accumulates, making wood darker in center |
| sapwood | light, functioning conductive wood outside to heartwood |
| bark | outer bark from cork cambium, inner bark is phloem |
