| A | B |
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| on the review guide what variable is on the x axis on the graphs | number of species on island |
| on the review guide what variable is on the y axis of the graphs | rate of extinction or immigration |
| what are the four islands on the graphs | alpha, beta, gamma and delta |
| movement of a population into a region is called | immigration |
| movement of a population out of a region is called | emmigration |
| what can you conclude if all islands are about the same size and Delta is the farthest from the mainland | delta would have the lowest biodiversity |
| in regard to the four islands, if alpha is closest to the mainland shore what can you conclude | alpha would have the greatest immrigration |
| If four islands are the same distance from the mainland shore but kappa is the largest island and mu is the smallest island what can you conclude | the larger the island the lower the rate of extinction |
| a loss of a species from the planet | extinction |
| Differences in DNA composition among individuals within a given species | genetic diversity |
| A population differentiating, over time, into a new species | speciation |
| Protected animals, such as tigers, that need large amounts of land | umbrella species |
| The connections that human beings subconsciously seek with the rest of life | biophilia |
| An area that supports an especially great diversity of endemic species | hotspot |
| a form of a given gene | allele |
| What lesson can be learned from the case of the Siberian tiger in Russia? | Tigers were originally part of the cultural fabric of the indigenous people and were seldom killed. When the Russians invaded, they had no cultural traditions and hunted tigers to near extinction |
| What is the definition of biodiversity? | The sum total of all organisms in an area, taking into account the diversity of species, their genes, their populations, and their communities |
| What is inbreeding, and why is it a problem? | Inbreeding occurs when parents that are too genetically similar mate and produce offspring. The offspring are often weak or defective; |
| What is the cause of the sixth mass extinction event, and why is it of particular concern? | The sixth mass extinction event has been caused by human alterations to landscapes. It is of particular concern because the current global extinction rate is 1,000 times greater than it would have been without human destruction of habitat. |
| Increases in species diversity result from the process of ________ and decreases through the process of ________. | speciation; extinction |
| Most extinctions preceding the appearance of humans have occurred one by one, at a rate that paleontologists refer to as the ________. | background rate of extinction |
| According to E. O. Wilson, biodiversity refers | genetic variants of a single species,individual species ,communities of organisms ,ecosystems |
| A population of birds is found on a remote island. Which of the following information is most important in deciding if the birds all belong to a single species | The offspring of some matings are sterile |
| Which scientists classify species using an organism's physical appearance and genetic makeup? | taxonomists |
| The greatest diversity (numbers of different species) of organisms can be found in ________. | insects |
| The extinction of a particular population from a given area (but not the entire species globally) is called | extirpation |
| The IUCN's Red List is ________. | an updated list of species facing unusually high risk of extinction |
| Changes in habitat have tremendous effects on the organisms that depend on them. These effects are ________. | generally negative; organisms are already adapted to the habitats in which they occur and any change is likely to render the habitat less suitable |
| A species of lizard has gone extinct. This could be due to any of the following reasons ________. | inbreeding, habitat destruction, introduction of species that competes for the same resources, climate change |
| In general, successful introduced species experience | decreased environmental resistance |
| Bullfrog tadpoles are often sold as fish bait, even in areas where they do not occur naturally. When people buy 10 of them and don't use them all, they often dump the remainder into the lake or river. This is an example of ________. | introduced species |
| Biodiversity enhances food security because it ________. | can protect some crops through genetic resources against losses due to disease |
| What can change local species diversity but not global diversity? | immigration and extirpation |
| the scientific name consists of | genus and species |
| in the name Panthera tigris tigris tigris is both the | species and subspecies |
| in the name Panthera tigris tigris ( Panthera is the | genus |
| what part of the scientic name is capitalized | genus |
| the classification system consists of | kingdom, phylum, class , order , genus and species |
| 40% of all insects are | beetles |
| what is the estimation of all species on earth | 3-100 million |
| of all the species on earth how many have been cataloged | 1.7 to 2 million |
| according the latitude gradient, species diversity increases as you go | closer to the equator |
| the disappearance of a particular population from a given area, but not the entire species globally | Extirpation |
| In the past 440 million years, mass extinctions have eliminated at least ______of all species | 50% |
| After every mass extinction the biodiversity _____________ | returned to or exceeded its original state |
| Paleontologists estimate________ of all species that ever lived are now extinct | 99% |
| natural extinctions for a variety of reasons | Background rate of extinction |
| The current global extinction rate is ____________ times greater than the background rate | 100-1000 times |
| Extinctions followed ________________ on islands and continents | human arrival |
| an updated list of species facing high risks of extinctions | red list |
| Since 1970, _______ fish species, ____ bird species, and___ mammal species has gone extinct | 58 fish, 9 bird, `1 mammal |
| Five primary causes of population decline are | Habitat alteration, invasive species, pollution and overharvesting , global climate change |
| teh 6 greatest causes of biodiversity loss are | Farming simplifies communities,Grazing modifies the grassland structure and species composition ,Clearing forests removes resources organisms need ,Hydroelectric dams turn rivers into reservoirs upstream,Urbanization and suburban sprawl reduce natural communities,A few species (i.e., pigeons, rats) benefit from changing habitats |
| the greatest habitat alterations occur in what biomes | rain forest, savanna, tropical dry forest |
| Today the oceans contain only ________ of the large animals they once did | 10 % |
| Emissions of ________________ warms temperatures | green house gases |
| The ____________ is being considered for the endangered species list | polar bear |
| _____________helps maintain ecosystem function | biodiversity |
| The loss of a species affects ecosystems differently | If the species can be functionally replaced by others, it may make little difference,Extinction of a keystone species may cause other species to decline or disappear |
| ____________ enhances food security | biodiversity |
| what are some possible new food sources | babirusa, capybara, vicuna, tree tomato, maca, |
| connections that humans subconsciously seek with life | Biophilia |
| devoted to understanding the factors that influence the loss, protection, and restoration of biodiversity | Conservation biology |
| how small a population can become before it runs into problems | Minimum viable population |
| explains how species come to be distributed among oceanic islands | Equilibrium theory of island biogeography |
| Species richness results from island size and distance,_________ species colonize an island far from the mainland | fewer |
| Large islands have ____________ rates | higher immigration rates |
| Large islands have____________ rates | lower extinction |
| Large islands contain __________ than small islands | more species |
| Small “islands” of forest rapidly__________ | lose species |
| forbids the government and private citizens from taking actions that destroy endangered species or their habitats | Endangered Species Act (1973) (ESA) |
| As of 2007, the U.S. had___________ species listed as endangered or threatened | 1,312 |
| , and others have recovered and are no longer listed | Peregrine falcons, brown pelicans, bald eagles |
| Canada’s endangered species law | Species at Risk Act (2002 |
| individuals are bred and raised with the intent of reintroducing them into the wild | Captive breeding |
| a technique to create more individuals and save species from extinction | Cloning |
| Convention on Biological Diversity (1992 was developed to conserve b iodiversity, what nations did not join | Iraq, Somalia, the Vatican, and the U.S. did not join |
| species found nowhere else in the world | endemic species |
| ______ of the planet’s land surface contains 50% of the world’s plant species | 2.3% |
| a conservation organization pays off a portion of a developing country’s international debt | Debt-for-nature swap |
| Which of the following are facing the highest rates of extinction | K strategists |
| What is a K strategists? | low number of offspring, lower genetic diversity longer periods of nuturing |
| Removal of which of the following species will always result in the greatest changes in an ecological system? | keystone species |
| The species most often vulnerable to human impact is the | top predator |
| A migratory bat species pollinates agave plants in northern Mexico on its way to the southwestern United States, where it spends the summer eating insects and reproducing. Farmers spraying pesticides affect these bats, which eat the insects and also feed them to the baby bats. This could be the start of a story about ________. | a keystone species |
| The area effect of the equilibrium theory of island biogeography suggests that | the number of species increases with the size of the island; all else being equal, larger islands contain more species |
| The country of Belize depends on lobster for a major portion of its income, along with fishing and tourism. Over the past 30 years the average size of an individual lobster has dropped, even as increasing numbers of Belizeans buy boats, build lobster traps, and enter the industry. This is an example of ________. | overharvesting |
| European rabbits were introduced into Australia and quickly spread, reproduced, and became a terrible pest. They eat up to $600 million worth of food and pasture crops annually, and have damaged the populations of many native plants and the populations of animals that eat the plants. Twice in the past 50 years, rabbit diseases have been introduced to try to control the population, with some success. This is a case where | an invasive species has reduced the genetic diversity of indigenous species |
| In his recent (2005) book, Richard Louv maintains that today's children | suffer psychologically and emotionally from "nature deficit syndrome" |
| Paleontologists estimate that roughly________of all species that have ever lived are already extinct | 99% |
| Resource conservation for protection of pharmaceuticals is overstated because only about ______ of the people on our planet use biological resources directly in traditional medicine | 25% |
| _____is currently being recovered from extinct species to be used in cloning. | DNA |
| What is the value, to a species, of having genetic diversity? | Species with more genetic diversity have better chances of surviving, because their built-in variation better enables them to cope with environmental change |
| The western United States contains a series of tall mountain ranges that also extend far down into Mexico. The largest of these ranges are the Rockies and the Sierra Madres, but they are all part of the same mountain-building event that occurred many millions of years ago, and they all have similar features. Much of the vegetation on these mountaintops is the same, or very similar, and they are often referred to as the "Sky Islands" because of their similarity to each other and their isolation from the lower, drier, areas surrounding them. There are groups of tropical birds, such as trogons and parrots, that are usually considered to live in Central America and the mountains of southern and central Mexico. Small populations of these birds migrate into the United States each year. It is probably true that ________. | more of these birds are found in the mountains of New Mexico and Arizona than in the mountains of Colorado, Utah, or Nevada |
| The western United States contains a series of tall mountain ranges that also extend far down into Mexico. The largest of these ranges are the Rockies and the Sierra Madres, but they are all part of the same mountain-building event that occurred many millions of years ago, and they all have similar features. Much of the vegetation on these mountaintops is the same, or very similar, and they are often referred to as the "Sky Islands" because of their similarity to each other and their isolation from the lower, drier, areas surrounding them. Large predators and omnivores, such as mountain lions and bears, roam these mountain ranges. Which of the following statements is true? | Because of habitat fragmentation, the individual populations of these Sky Islands have less genetic diversity than they did in the past |
| what biome had the greatest habitat destruction by 1950? | temperate grassland |
| what biome had the greatest habitat loss between 1950 and 1990? | tropical dry forest and savanna |
| What type of species is most vulnerable to invasive species | island species are particularly vulnerable |
| list some invasive species | Gypsy moth, European Starling,Indian Mongoose |
| for what purpose was the gypsy moth brought into the United States | to make better silk |
| Why was the mongoose brought to Hawaii | to control the rat population |
| What is more damaging to wildlife diversity habitat destruction, invasive species, or pollution | habitat alteration and invasive species |
| What type of species is more vulnerable to over harvesting | large, few in number, long-lived, and have few young |
| What are K selected species? | large, few in number, long-lived, and have few young |
| Are humans classified as K selected or R selected | K selected |
| an example of an R selected animal would be | insects |
