| A | B |
|---|
| calorie | The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water 1°C; the amount of heat energy that 1 g of water releases when it cools by 1°C. The Calorie (with a capital C), usually used to indicate the energy content of food, is a kilocalorie |
| carbohydrate | A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides) |
| fat | A biological compound consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule |
| protein | A three-dimensional biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids |
| vitamin | An organic molecule required in the diet in very small amounts; vitamins serve primarily as coenzymes or parts of coenzymes |
| mineral | In nutrition, one of many chemical elements, other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, that an organism requires for proper body functioning |
| amylase | enzymes in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in starches |
| esophagus | A channel that conducts food, by peristalsis, from the pharynx to the stomach |
| peristalsis | Rhythmic waves of contraction of smooth muscle that push food along the digestive tract |
| stomach | large muscular sac that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food |
| chyme | a mixture of food and stomach fluid |
| small intestine | digestive organ in which most chemical digestion takes place |
| pancreas | In vertebrates, a small, complex gland located between the stomach and the duodenum, which produces digestive enzymes and the hormones insulin and glucagon |
| liver villus | large organ located just above the right of the stomach |
| large instestine | colon: organ that removes water from the undigested materials that pass though it |
| kidney | In vertebrates, the organ that regulates the balance of water and solutes in the blood and the excretion of nitrogenous wastes in the form of urine |
| ureter | A duct leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder |
| urinary bladder | saclike organ where urine is strored |
| nephron | The tubular excretory unit of the vertebrate kidney |
| filration | process in which a liquid or gas passes though a filter to remove wastes |
| glomerulus | A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney |
| bowman's capsule | cup shaped structure in the upper end of a neuron that encases the glomerulus |
| reabsorption | process in which liquid is taken back into a vessle |
| loop of henle | The long hairpin turn, with a descending and ascending limb, of the renal tubule in the vertebrate kidney; functions in water and salt reabsorption |
| urethra | A tube that releases urine from the body near the vagina in females or through the penis in males; also serves in males as the exit tube for the reproductive system |
