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| Inbreeding | The breeding of related individuals within an isolated or closed group of organisms or people. |
| Assortative Mating | mating of individuals having more traits in common than likely in random mating |
| Natural Selection | The process in nature by which, according to Darwin's theory of evolution, only the organisms best adapted to their environment. |
| Polymorphism | the genetic variation within a population that natural selection can operate on |
| Cline | A gradual change in a character or feature across the distributional range of a species or population usually correlated with an environmental or geological transistion |
| Heterozygote advantage | describes the case in which the heterozygote genotype has a higher relative fitness than either the homozygote dominant or homozygote recessive genotype |
| Hybrid vigor | the tendency of a crossbred organism to have qualities superior to those of either parent |
| Frequency dependent selection | the term given to an evolutionary process where the fitness of a phenotype is dependent on its frequency relative to other phenotypes in a given population. In positive frequency dependent selection, the fitness of a phenotype increases as it becomes more common. |
| Neutral Variation | •Variation in protein sequence that is not selectively importan |
| Darwinian Fitness | the capability of an individual of certain genotype to reproduce, and usually is equal to the proportion of the individual's genes in all the genes of the next generation |
| Relative Fitness | A measure of biological fitness expressed as the ratio of the absolute fitness of an individual (or of a genotype or of a phenotype) and the absolute fitness of a reference individual (or of genotype or of phenotype). |
| Stabilizing selection | a type of natural selection in which genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes on a particular trait value |
| Directional Selection | occurs when natural selection favors a single phenotype and therefore allele frequency continuously shifts in one direction |
| Diversifying Selection | changes in population genetics that simultaneously favor individuals at both extremes of the distribution |
| population genetics | study of how populations change genetically over time |
| modern synthesis | Comprehensive theory of evolution emphasizing populations as units of evolution and integrating ideas from many fields, including genetcis, statistics, paleontology, taxonomy, and biogeography |
| population | Localized group of individuals that belong to the same biological species (that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring) |
| species | Group whose members posses similar anatomical characteristics and have the ability to interbreed |
| gene pool | total aggregate of genes in a population at any one time |
| genetic structure | any pattern in the genetic makeup of individuals within a population. |
| Hardy-Weinberg theorem | Prinicple that frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work |
| Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium | condition describing a non-evolving population (one that is in genetic equilibrium) |
| Hardy-Weinberg equation | mathematical expression that can be used to calculate the genetic variation of a population at equilibrium. |
| microevolution | Evolutionary change below the species level; changes in the genetic makeup of a population from generation to generation |
| bottleneck effect | Genetic drift resulting from the reduction of a population, typically by a natural disaster, such that the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population |
| founder effect | loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population |
| gene flow | Genetic additions to or substractions from a population resulting from the movement of fertile individuals or gametes |
| mutation | Change in the DNA of a gene, ultimately creating genetic diversity |
