| A | B |
|---|
| Seed plants | all are heterosporous vascular plants |
| three major reproductive adaptations | gametophyte reduced to dependence on sporophyte; seed – “baby plant in a lockbox with its lunch”; evolution of pollen as male gametophyte |
| together, gymnosperms and angiosperms are | a monophyletic group |
| gametophytes | are completely dependent on parent sporophytes for nutrition and are composed of only a few cells |
| male gametophytes develop from | microspores |
| entire male gametophyte moved to the female as | pollen grains |
| female gametophytes develop from | megaspores within ovules |
| ovule | contains female gametophyte surrounded by nucellus (megasporangium) |
| nucellus is surrounded by 1-2 integuments | cell layers that serve as protective covers) |
| micropyle | opening in integuments (allows sperm to get in) |
| means of transporting sperm to egg varies, but typically uses a growing | pollen tube that does not require outside water |
| moving pollen to vicinity of ovule called | pollination |
| seed develops from | ovule |
| agents for pollination | wind and animals |
| seeds are highly resistant structures that allow for a _____________ in the life cycle to wait out poor environmental conditions | dormant phase |
| seed coat | embryo protected by this extra layer of hardened tissue derived from sporophyte tissue in the ovule (sporophyte tissue from parent, not from embryo) |
| external water for development of seed's embryo only needed at | germination |
| seeds plants together are | a monophyletic group |
| Seed plants are divided into two “groups” based on whether or not ovule is completely enclosed by sporophyte tissue at time of pollination | gymnosperms and angiosperms |
| gymnosperms | “naked seed” |
| angiosperms | “covered seed” |
| Gymnosperms' 4 Phyla | Phylum Coniferophyta, 2. Phylum Cycadophyta ,3. Phylum Ginkgophyta , 4. Phylum Gnetophyta |
| a scale | a modified leaf |
