| A | B |
|---|
| annual rings | growth confined to warm weather and/or rainy season {can give an idea of growing seasons over time (larger = better year)} |
| rays | parenchymal cells that run perpendicular to xylem vessels or tracheids; function in the lateral transmission of water and dissolved minerals |
| heartwood | vessels become blocked and waste accumulates, making wood darker in center |
| sapwood | light, functioning conductive wood outside to heartwood |
| bark | outer bark from cork cambium, inner bark is phloem |
| hardwood | dicot wood; softwood = conifer wood |
| bulbs | swollen, knoblike underground stems with fleshy leaves attached (onions, lilies, tulips) |
| corms | like bulbs but with no fleshy leaves attached |
| rhizomes | horizontal underground stems (ferns, irises, perennial grasses) |
| runners and stolons | horizontal stems above ground (strawberries); definition of stolon varies |
| tuber | carbohydrates concentrated at tip of stolons, which swell (example: potato); “eyes” are axillary buds that can form new plants |
| tendrils | twine around a support and help plant to climb (grapes, ivy) – some tendrils are actually modified leaves (peas, pumpkins) |
| cladophylls | flattened, photosynthetic stems that resemble leaves (found in cacti and some other plants; cactus leaves are modified into spines) |
| slender stalk | (petiole) |
| axillary bud | at base of leaf |
| simple leaves | undivided (may have teeth or indentations) |
| compound leaves | each blade divided into leaflets, leaflets don’t have axillary buds (compound leaf has one bud at base) |
| pinnately compound | leaflets in pairs along common axis |
| palmately compound | leaflets radiate from common point on petiole (examples – marijuana) |
| alternate | single leaves occur on alternating sides, usually in a spiral |
| opposite | leaves occur in pairs on opposite sides of stem |
| whorls and rosettes | circle of 3+ leaves at a node on stem |
| rosette | is a whorl at essentially ground level |
