| A | B |
|---|
| Cyrus the Great | established massive Persian empire |
| Zoroastrianism | new religion under Persians |
| Pericles | Greek political figure, dominated Athenian politics |
| Peloponnesian Wars | war between Athens and Sparta |
| Hellenistic Period | started by Alexander the Great; Greek culture to Asia |
| Philip II | Alexander's father; sets Macedonia as key power |
| Roman Republic | government during 1st half of Roman history (Senate and Consuls) |
| Punic Wars | lasted from 264 to 146 BCE, Rome v. Carthage; leads to expansion of Rome |
| Carthage | situated on the northern coast of Africa |
| Julius Caesar | ended the traditional institutions of the Roman state (dictator) |
| Augustus Caesar | established the basic structures of the Roman Empire |
| Polis | city-state |
| Direct Democracy | government where all citizens participated |
| Senate | legislative body composed mainly of aristocrats |
| Consuls | shared primary executive power in the Roman state |
| Aristotle | stressed the importance of moderation and balance in human behavior (pupil of Plato) |
| Stoics | emphasized an inner moral independence to be cultivated by strict discipline of the body and by personal bravery |
| Socrates | encouraged his pupils to question everything; forced to committ suicide |
| Plato | suggested that human reason could approach an understanding of the three perfect forms (pupil of Socrates) |
