| A | B |
|---|
| behavior modification | a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones |
| reinforcement | process by which a stimulus is provided that increases the possibility of repeat behaviors |
| punishment | introduction of an unpleasant stimulus that decreases the possibility of repeat behaviors |
| modeling | learning a behavior by observing another |
| scientific method | process of posing and answering questions using careful, controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data |
| theory | broad explanation and prediction about a phenomena of interest |
| hypotheses | a prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested |
| case study | the method of research that involves extensive, in-depth interviews with a particular individual or small group of individuals |
| control group | Group not exposed to the treatment variable being studied |
| naturalistic observation | observation of a naturally occurring behavior, without intervention in the situation |
| dependent variable | is the variable that researchers measure in an experiment and expect to change as a result of the experimental manipulation. |
| independent variable | the variable that researchers manipulate in the experiment |
| random assignment | technique that ensures that personal characteristics that might affect the outcome are divided among the participants in the different groups |
| laboratory study | research is conducted in a controlled setting |
| treatment group | Group exposed to treatment variable being studied |
| nature | Traits, abilities and capacities inherited from one's parents |
| nuture | Environmental influences that shape behavior |
| Physical development | Emphasizes how brain, nervous system, muscles, sensory capabilities, need for food, drink and sleep affect behavior |
| Cognitive development | Emphasizes intellectual abilities, including learning, memory, problem solving, and intelligence |
| Personality development | Emphasizes enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another |
| Social development | Emphasizes how interactions with others and social relationships grow and change over the lifetime |
| Psychodynamic perspective | Believe that much of behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness. |
| id | the part of our personality that is concerned with the gratification of self. |
| ego | Keeps Id under control. The part of the personality that is rational and reasonable |
| superego | It is the conscience |
| Freud's oral stage | Interest in oral gratification from sucking, eating, mouthing , biting |
| Freud's anal stage | Gratification from expelling and withholding feces |
| Freud's phallic stage | interest in the genitals |
| Freud's latency stage | Sexual concerns largely unimportant |
| Freud's genital stage | Reemergence of sexual interests and establishment of mature sexual relationships |
| trust versus mistrust - Positive outcome | Feelings of trust from environmental support |
| trust versus mistrust - Negative outcome | Fear and concern concerning others |
| automity versus shame and doubt -Positive outcome | Self sufficiency if exploration is encouraged |
| automity versus shame and doubt - Negative outcome | Doubt about self, lack of independence |
| initiative versus guilt - Positive outcome | Discovery of ways to initiate actions |
| initiative versus guilt - Negative outcome | Guilt from actions and thoughts |
| industry versus inferiority - Positive outcome | Devlopment of sense of competence |
| industry versus inferiority - Negative outcome | Feelings of inferiority, no sense of mastery |
| identity versus role diffusion - Positive outcome | Awareness of uniqueness of self, knowledge of role to be followed |
| identity versus role diffusion - Negative outcome | Inability to identify appropriate role in life |
| intimacy versus isolation - Positive outcome | Development of loving, sexual relationships and close friendships |
| intimacy versus isolation - Negative outcome | Fear of relationships with others |
| generativity versus stagnation -Positive outcome | Sense of contribution to continuity of life |
| generativity versus stagnation -Negative outcome | Trivialization of one's activities |
| ego-integrity versus despair - Positive outcome | Sense of unity in life's accomplishments |
| ego-integrity versus despair - Negative outcome | Regret over lost opportunities of life |
| experimental research | A study that seeks to discover relationships between various factors |
| correlational research | A study that seeks to identify whether an association or relationship between 2 factors exists however cannot be used to determine whether a factor causes changes in the other. |
| theoretical research | Type of research that is designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge. |
| applied research | The type of research that is designed to provide a practical solution to an immediate problem. |
