| A | B |
|---|
| Hyksos | Asiatic invaders who attacked Egypt in 1570 B.C.E. |
| Hatshepsut | New Kingdom woman pharoah of Egypt who encouraged trade |
| Thutmose III | Hatshepsut's stepson who became pharoah; warlike ruler |
| Nubia | a region of Africa that straddled the upper Nile River |
| Ramses II | Egyptian pharoah who made a treaty with the Hittites |
| Amon-Re | Egyptian god; king of Eyptian gods and goddesses |
| Kush | a kingdom in Nubia ruled by Egypt but later emerged by itself; became powerful in trade, adopted many Egyptian customs |
| Piankhi | a Kushite king that overthrew the Libyans that ruled Egypt; became Egypt's 25th dynasty; moved to Meroe and flourished in trade |
| Napata | a city south of Egypt along the Nile River; originally Kush's capital city |
| Meroe | trading capital among Africa, Arabia, and India; became Kush's capital city; |
| Aksum | a kingdom located to the southeast of Meroe; helped to defeat the Kush; came to dominate North African trade |
| Assyria | a mighty warrior military machine that acquired a large empire around 850 B.C.E.; their society revolved around military strength; showed no mercy to their captives; came to rule lands extending far beyond the Fertile Crescent into Anatolia and Egypt |
| Nineveh | Assyria's capital city, the largest of it's day; held one of the ancient world's largest libraries |
| Ashurbanipal | king of Assyria who collected more than 20,000 clay tablets throughout the Fertile Crescent that formed the largest ancient library of its time |
| Babylon | great ancient city that was burned by the Assyrians, but later restored by Nebuchadnezzar (used to be city of Hammurabi 1,000 years earlier) |
| Nebuchadnezzer | Chaldean king who restored Babylon; created the famous hanging gardens, one of the 7 wonders of the ancient world |
| Persia | the Persians came to power after Nebuchadnezzer's empire fell; originally from southern Europe and modern-day Iran; became a great kingdom by military might and fair rule |
| Cyrus the Great | king of Persia; conquered many kingdoms and ruled 2,000 miles of territory; showed great kindness to peoples he conquered, wise and tolerant, allowed Jews to return to Jerusalem to rebuild |
| Cambeses | Cyrus's son who was not a wise ruler; ruled harshly and caused widespread rebellions |
| Darius | was not in line for the throne, began as a bodyguard who seized the throne with help; squashed the rebellions; established a well-organizaed and efficient administration; appointed satraps in provinces |
| satraps | a governor of a local area within Darius's empire |
| Royal Road | extensive roads that allowed Darius to communicate quickly throughout his empire and to trade with coins; ran from Susa in Persia to Sardis in Anatolia, 1,677 miles |
| Zoroaster | a Persian prophet living around 600 B.C.E who taught that the earth is a battleground where the spirit of good and evil fought; each person is to take part in the struggle; belief in one god, Ahura Mazda; concept of Satan and belief in angels can be traced to this religion |
| Zhou Dynasty | ancient Chinese dynasty lasting for at least 8 centuries; toward the end began abandoning the ancient values of social order, harmony and respect; and began a feudal ruling who warred amongst each others |
| Confucius | China's most influential scholar, lived during Zhou's decline; led scholarly life teaching history, music and moral character; urged China to organize society around 5 basic relationships |
| Five Basic Relationships | 1) ruler and subject, 2) father and son, 3) husband and wife, 4) older brother and younger brother, 5) friend and friend |
| filial piety | respect for parents and ancestors; something that children should practice throughout their lives |
| Analects | a collection of Confucius's ideas into a book |
| bureaucracy | Confucius's idea where there is a trained civil service of people who run the government |
| Laozi | a Chinese thinker who began Daoism, a belief that the natural order was supreme; a universal force called the Dao (the Way) guides all things |
| Legalism | a way to govern in which a highly efficient and powerful government was the key to restoring order in society; founded by Hanfeizi and Li Si; this government stressed highly obedient people |
| I Ching | a book of oracles that helps solve ethical or practical problems |
| yin and yang | two powers that represent the natural rhythm of life; yin is cold, dark, soft, and mysterious; yang is warm, bright, hard, and clear |
| Qin Dynasty | replaced the Zhou Dynasty; employed Legalist ideas to unify country |
| Shi Huangdi | "First Emperor" of Qin dynasty, stopped rebellion, murdered hundreds of Confucian scholars and burned books; established an autocracy; ordered the building of the Great Wall of China |
| Great Wall of China | a massive wall built between the Yellow Sea in the east to the Gobi Desert in the west - thousands of miles to protect against invaders |
| autocracy | a government that has unlimited power and uses it in an arbitrary manner |
