| A | B |
|---|
| learning | relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to an experience |
| associative learning | learning that certain event's stimuli occur together |
| classical conditioning | type of learning in which and organism comes to associate stimuli |
| Ivan Pavlov | Nobel Peace Prize, dog/bell expirement |
| Unconditioned stimulus | a stimulus that naturally triggers a response |
| unconditioned response | the unlearned naturally occuring response to the unconditioned stimulus |
| conditioned stimulus | an originally natural stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned respons |
| conditioned response | the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus |
| acquisition | initial stage in classical conditioning phase associating a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that a neutral (conditioned) stimulus elicits a conditioned response (FASTEST) |
| Michael Domjan | conditioned quails to become aroused at the sight of a red light |
| extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response as a result of presenting the conditioned stimulus w/o the unconditioned response |
| spontaneous recovery | the reappearance after a pause of an exntinguished conditioned response (CR always less than it was) |
| generalization | the tendency for stimuli similiar to a previously conditioned stimulus to elicit similiar responses |
| discrimination | the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and a stimuli that doesnt signal an unconditioned response |
| conditioned taste aversion | when the sight of a food you are allergic to makes you unconfortable |
| operant conditioning | behavior is STRENGTHENED if followed by a reinforcement or WEAKEND if followed by a punishment |
| B.F. Skinner | if you reward a behavior it will keep happening (experiment with mice and glass box with shockers) |
| shaping | procedure where a reinforcer gradually guides a reaction to a desired behavior |
| reinforcement | any event that strengthens the behavior that follows |
| positive reinforcement | increasing behavior by presenting stimuli |
| negative reinforcement | increasing behaviors by reducing the negative stimuli |
| negative reinforcer | any stimulus that when removed after a response, strengthens the response (using condoms...NO preganancy) |
| primary reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus that satisfies a biological need (sex, food, removal of pain) |
| conditioned reinforcer | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power by association with a primary reinforcer (money, good grades) |
| continuous reinforcement | reinforcement every time the desired response happens (fast but not resistent to extinction) |
| partial reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it happens (slow, but harder to make extinct) |
| punishment | decreases the behavior it follows |
| positive punishment | presenting an aversice stimulus which decreases the likelihood of the preceeding behavior (spanking) |
| negative punishment | removal of a desirable stimulus (taking phone away) |
| punishment without guidance toward a positive behavior is meaningless | ... |
| latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it (kissing, swearing, aggression) |
| intrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake |
| extrinsic motivation | the desire to behave a certain way to recieve external rewards or avoid punishment |
| neurons | a nerve cell |
| dendrite | recieves messages and conduct impulses to the cell body |
| axon | messages pass to other nuerons or muscles |
| action potential | a neural impulse (breif electrical charge that travels down an axon) |
| Axon hillock | where the charge goes from the aciton potential then it sends out its own message |
| threshold of excitation | the absolute level of stimulation required to trigger an action potential |
| excitatory signal | an electrochemical impulse making an action potential more likely |
| inhibitory signal | electrochemical impulse making an action potential less likely |
| All of None response | once an axon hillock has been excited beyond the threshold of excitation, there WILL be an action potential |
| synapse | the junction between the tip of the sending neuron (terminal boutton) and the dendrite or soma of the recieving neuron |
| synaptic cleft | gap between the terminal bouttons and the recieving cell |
| neurotransmitters | chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic cleft and attach to the recieving neuron exciting or inhibiting that neuron as appropriate |
| during action potential nuerotransmitters are sent to nearby neurons | ... |
| serotonin and dopamine | linked to depression...dopamine linked also to pleasure |
| endorphins | happy |
| agonistic drugs | excite neurons and lead to increased action potential |
| antagonisitic drugs | excite neurons and lead to decreased action potential |
| nervous system | bodies speedy, electrochemical communication system |
| central nervus system | the brain and spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system | the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body |
| nerves | neural cables containing many axons that connect the CNS to muscles, glands |
| sensory neurons | carry incoming information from sensory receptors to the CNS |
| motor neurons | cary outgoing information from muscles to glands |
| internerons | CNS nuerons that interanlly communicate between sensory inputs and motor nuerons |
| somatic nervous system | controls skeletal muscles |
| autonomis nervous system | controls glands and muscles of internal organs |
| sympathetic nervous system | arouses body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations |
| parasympathetic nervous system | calms the body |
| chemical communication system | secretes hormones into the blood |
| hormones | chemical messengers that are produced in one tissue and effect another |
| adrenal glands | release epinephrine and norepinephrine into blood stream in a "flight or fight" situation |
| pituitary gland | regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands |
| brainstem | automatic survival functions |
| medulla | heartbeat and breathing |
| reticular formation | arousal |
| thalamus | sensory switchboard (not smell) |
| cerebellum | "little" brain that processes sensory input and coordinates movement and balance |
| limbic system | emotion drives for food and sex |
| hippocampus | (in limbic system) processes memory |
| amygdala | (limbic system) associated with emotion |
| hypothalamus | directs eating, drinking, body temperature |
| cereberal cortex | bodies ultimate control and processing center |
| glial cells | support, nourish, and protect neurons |
| motor cortex | output |
| sensory cortex | input |
| Phineas Gage | railroad worker who took a rod to the dome: memory intact but change in personality |
| association areas | involved in learning, thinking, remembering, speaking |
| Broca's aphasia | impairment or destruction of ability to speak |
| Wernickes Aphasia | impairement to comprehend language |
| corpus callosum | large band or neural fibers connecting the two hemispheres of the brain and carries messages between them |
| Voegl and Bogen | split brain researchers (projected He*Art...people said one pointed at the other) |
| agenisis of the corpus collosum | forms along both sides of the hemispheres but doesnt connect them (causes: fetal alcohol syndrome and tumors) |
| what do drugs affect? | behavior, cognition, sensation, perception and physiology |
| critical thinking | questioning the things you believe |
| addiction | compulsive drug craving and use |
| tolerance | the diminishing effect of a substance after consistent use, requires a higher doasge |
| withdrawl | discomfort and distress that follow stopping drug use |
| physical dependence | physical need for a drug |
| psychological dependence | mental need for a drug |
| psychoactive drug | a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods |
| depressant drugs | drugs that reduce neural activity and slow down bodily functions |
| stimulants | drugs that excite nueral activity and speed up bodily funcitons |
| Barbituates | (depressant) helps sleep |
| opiates | (depressant) constrict pupils, slow breathing, make sleepy, pleasure |
| cocaine | (stimulant) high self confidence, low appetite, high breathing and heart rate (releases serotonin and blocks reuptake) (increased risk of depression) |
| Albert Hoffman | first acid trip in 1943 |
| LSD | (hallucinogen) near death experience |
| dualism | mind and body two differnt entities |
| monism | mind and body are different aspects of the same thing |
| marijuana | (hallucinogen) amplifies senses, emotional magnifying glass |
| 3 main senses from environment | light, pressue, chemical reactions |
| perception | process of organizing and interpreting |
| bottum-up processing | analysis that begins with sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information (stoping because a stop sign says stop) |
| top-down processing | ex. stoping at a sign shaped like a stop sign |
| absolute threshold | minimum stimulus needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time |
| signal detection theory | how & when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation (dependent on: experience, expectations, motivation) |
| subliminal | below ones absoulte threshold for conscious awareness |
| priming | activation of a stimulus |
| difference threshold | minimum difference between 2 stimuli required for detection 50% of the time |
| sensory adaptation | diminished sensitivy as a consequence of constant stimulation |
| selective attention | the focusing of conscoius awareness on a certain stimulus |
| inattentional blindness | failing to see visible objects when our attention is focused elsewhere |
| change deafness | failing to notice change in soung when our attention is elsewhere |
| choice blindness | failing to notice change in sight when our attention is elsewhere |
| sensory transduction | the transforming of stimulus energies into neural impulses which can be interpreted by the brain |
| pupil | adjustable opening in the eye |
| iris | ring of muscle tissue (colored part of eye) |
| retina | light sensitive inner surface of the eye |
| acuity | sharpness of vision |
| near-sightedness | focuses light rays in front of retina |
| far-sightedness | focuses light rays behind the retina |
| rods | retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray (necessary for night vision) |
| cones | in center of retina, function in well lit conditions (see's color) |
| feature detection neurons | clusture of neurons that respond to specific features (the man who mistaked his wife for a hat rack) |
| parallel processing | brains natural mode of information processing for many functions |
| Young-Helmorwitz Tri-Chromatic Theory | theory that the retina contains three different color receptors |
| opponent process theory | theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision |
| color constancy | perceieving familiar objects as ahving consistent color |
| Benjamin Libet | said we experience the cord after its played |
| conscoiusness | our awareness of ourselves and our environment |
| circadian rythm | biological clock, bodily rythms that occur in 24 hour cycles |
| melatonin | sleep-enducing hormone |
| adenosine | chemical that makes us sleepy |
| alpha waves | slow brain activity |
| sleep | natural, reversible loss of conscoiusness |
| hallucinations | false sensory experiences |
| REM sleep effects us how | increased heart rate, rapid breathing, brainstem blocks messages |
| we dream 90% of the time | ... |
| effects of sleep deprivation | irritability, slowed performance, impaired creativity, lack of concentration and communication |
| narcolepsy | falling asleep randomly (goes straight into REM sleep) |
| sleep apnea | temporarily stopping breathing during sleep |
| night terrors | high arousal and terrified appearance |
| activation-synthesis theory | neural activity is random, deams are to make sense of random nueral activity |
| sleep walking occurs during what stage of sleep | 4 |
| night terrors occur during what stage of sleeping | 4 |
| REM dreams | hallucinations of the sleeping mind |
| lucid dreams | when you question if you're dreaming |
| latent content | (FRUED) the meaning of a dream |
| manifest content | (FRUED) the remembered story of a dream |
