| A | B |
|---|
| Da Gama | led expedition around Cape of Good Hope that landed in India |
| Columbus | discovered the Americas |
| Magellan | sailed west from Europe around the southern tip of South America to reach the Indonesian islands |
| Dutch East India Company | joint stock company that had government monopoly over trade in Asia |
| British East India Company | joint stock company that had government monopoly over trade in India |
| Columbian Exchange | ecological and biological exchange that took place after Spanish colonies were established in the New World; exchange of slaves, weapons, foods, and diseases |
| Mercantilism | economic theory that stressed governments’ promotion of limitations on imports in order to improve tax revenues |
| Italian Renaissance | largely an artistic movement that stressed humanism; challenged medieval intellectual values and styles |
| Machiavelli | author of The Prince; emphasized discussions on how to obtain and maintain power |
| Northern Renaissance | the cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; occurred later than the Italian Renaissance and had more emphasis on religion |
| Martin Luther | started Protestant Reformation with 95 Theses; emphasized primacy of faith over works stressed in Catholic church; accepted state control of church |
| Protestantism | general wave of dissent against the Catholic Church and its operations; consists of a variety of religious beliefs |
| Jean Calvin | French Protestant who stressed ideas of predestination; established the center of his group at the Swiss canton of Geneva |
| Jesuits | religious order founded during the Reformation; active in politics, education, and missionary work; sponsored missions in Asia, North and South America |
| Anglican Church | form of Protestantism started by Henry VIII, in part to obtain a divorce |
| Catholic Reformation | restatement of Catholic traditions in response to the Protestant Reformation |
| Thirty Years War | war within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies and the emperor and his ally (Spain); ended after 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia |
| English Civil War | 1640-1660; religious disputes and constitutional issues regarding the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of monarchy in 1660 after execution of previous king |
| Proletariat | class of working people without access to producing property |
| Witchcraft Persecution | reflected resentment to poor, uncertainties about religious truth, over 100,000 died as a result |
| Scientific Revolution | period of advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; resulted with change in traditional Middle Age beliefs |
| Copernicus | Polish monk and astronomer; disproved Hellenistic belief that the Earth was the center of the universe |
| Kepler | important early figure in study of planetary motion; worked also in optics, astrology, and horoscopes |
| Galileo | published Copernicus’s work; added own discoveries about laws of gravity and planetary motion; was condemned by the Catholic Church |
| Descartes | established importance of speculation; argued that human reason could develop laws that would explain nature’s fundamental workings |
| Harvey | English physician who demonstrated the circular movement of blood in animals and function of the heart as a pump |
| Newton | English scientist; wrote Principia, drew together astronomical and physical observations and wider theories into a framework of natural laws; established principles of motion and defined forces of gravity |
| Deism | concept of God current during the Scientific Revolution; role of divinity was to set natural laws in motion, but not to regulate once the process had begun |
| John Locke | English philosopher who argued that people could do everything through reason and senses, also that government power came from the people; offered the possibility to overthrow tyrants |
| Absolute Monarchy | concept of government that featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, imposed state economic policies, established state churches, appointed armies and bureaucracies |
| King Louis XIV | French monarch of late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy |
| Parliamentary Monarchy | originated in Holland and England in the 17th century with kings partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliament |
| Glorious Revolution | English overthrow of James II in 1688; resulted in affirmation that parliament had basic sovereignty over the king |
| Frederick the Great | Prussian king of 18th century; tried to introduce Enlightenment reforms in Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of predecessors; increased state control of economy; introduced freedom of religion |
| Enlightenment | intellectual movement that was centered in France during 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe human behavior |
| Adam Smith | wrote Wealth of Nations, established liberal economics; argued that government should avoid regulating the economy in favor of the operation of market forces |
