| A | B |
|---|
| Oxygen and CO2 exchange | Primary functions of respiratory system |
| Smell, speech, acid-base balance, water levels, heat balance | Secondary functions |
| Nose, pharynx, larynx and upper trachea | Upper Respiratory Tract |
| Lower trachea, bronchial tree with primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchiales, alveoli | Lower Respiratory Tract |
| Humidification, warmth, filtering | Functions of the nose concerning air |
| Bony fleshy lobes in the nasal cavity - bony shelves | Conchae |
| Bone that divides the nasal cavities | Septum |
| Two things that help trap bacteria in the nose | Cilia and mucous |
| Muscular tube between nasal/oral cavities anteriorly and cervical vertebrae posteriorly | Pharynx |
| Number of divisions of the pharynx (explain) | 3- nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx |
| Reasons for paranasal sinuses | Lighten skull and provide resonance for voice |
| Referred to as the throat | Pharynx |
| Uvula extends off this | Soft palate |
| Another name for adenoids | pharyngeal tonsils |
| Located in pharynx - extends to the middle ear | Eustachian tubes |
| Tonsils are made of this | Lymphatic tissue |
| 2 functions of the larynx | Voice and air passage |
| Opening to the larynx | Glottis |
| Covering over the opening to the larynx | Epiglottis |
| Folds on either side of the glottis used for producing sound when air passes by and makes them vibrate | Vocal cords - folds of epithelium on either side of the glottis |
| 4-5 inches in length with 16-20 C-shaped cartilage rings | Trachea |
| Bifurcation where the trachea splits to right and left bronchi | Carina |
| This one is larger in diameter and more vertical | Right bronchi |
| Reason a foreign object inhaled would end up in the right lung | The right bronchi is larger and more vertical |
| Smallest passageways made of muscular tissue without cartilage | Bronchioles |
| Difference between right and left lung | Right has 3 lobes - left has 2 lobes |
| Shape of diaphragm when relaxed | convex |
| Shape of diaphragm when contracted | flat |
| functional units of lungs | alveoli |
| Found inside alveoli for the purpose of destroying pathogens | Macrophages |
| Inervated by the Phrenic nerve | Diaphragm |
| Alveoli is lined with this since gases must be dissolved before they can be transported | Tissue fluid |
| Inside alveoli so the walls won't stick together | Surfactant |
| Pressure of air around us | Atmospheric |
| Pressure within pleural space | Intrapleural |
| Pressure within bronchial tree and alveoli | Intrapulmonic |
| Exchange of gases between air in alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries | External respiration |
| Exchange of gases between blood in the systemic capillaries and cells of the body | Internal respiration |
| Meaning of the small "p" before O2 and CO2 on ABGs | Partial pressure - the way these gases are expressed in a report |
| Oxygen is carried by this on the RBC | Hemoglobin |
| Mineral necessary for the transport of oxygen on hemoglobin | Iron |
| This is how carbon dioxide is transported back to the lungs | As seperate bicarb and hydrogen ions |
| Amount of air in one normal inhalation and exhalation - avg 500ml | Tidal volume |
| Amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one minute - avg 6L | Minute respiratory volume |
| Amount of air beyond TV that can be taken in with deepest inhalation - avg 2-3000ml | Inspiratory reserve |
| Amount of air beyond TV that can be exhaled with force - avg 1000-1500ml | Expiratory reserve |
| Sum of TV, inspiratory reserve, and expiratory reserve - total amount of any air that can be exchanged - avg 3500-5000ml | Vital capacity |
| Amount of air that remains in lungs after most forceful exhalation - important to continue gas exchange - avg 1000-1500ml | Residual Air |
| Air that remains in passageways but does not contribute to gas exchange | Dead space volume |
| Center in the medulla that sends impulses | Inspiration center |
| Center in the medulla that is used to forcefully exhale | Expiration center |
| Additional reflexes in the medulla for these | Cough and sneeze |
| Sends impulses to modify output from medulla such as a gasp or scream | Hypothalamus |
| Lets us voluntary control breathing | Cerebral cortex |
| Works with inspiration center to make respirations rhythmic | Pons |
| On carotid and aortic bodies to detect changes in pH and decreased oxygen levels in blood - will tell medulla to speed up or slow down respiration | Chemoreceptors |
