| A | B |
|---|
| crops | plants grown by farmers ex: corn, potatoes, cotton |
| Louisiana Purchase | sale of a large piece of land west of the Mississippi River. The US bought it from France in 1803 for $15 million |
| double | two times (2X) When the US bought the Louisiana purchase, this is how much it grew |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | French ruler who sold the Louisiana Purchase to Thomas Jefferson because he needed the money to fight wars in Europe |
| Meriwether Lewis and William Clark | men sent by President Thomas Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Purchase lands. They formed a group with 42 men. They wrote about the people, plants and animals they saw. They explored 8,000 miles of land in the West |
| Sacagawea | 17 year old Shoshone Indian guide to Lewis and Clark. She helped them cross the land, find food and trade with Native Americans |
| York | African American slave of William Clark who helped the Lewis and Clark expedition explore and hunt. He was given his freedom after the trip ended |
| Rocky Mountains | tall mountains in the Western US. During the Lewis and Clark expedition, these mountains made the trip slow and dangerous |
| capture | to tak and hold a person, place or thing by using force. This is what the British did to American ships that wanted to trade with France. It led to the War of 1812 |
| freedom of the seas | the ability of ships to sail wherever they want. This is what Americans wanted when Britain and France were at war, so they could continue to trade with both countries. The French agreed to this, but the British did not |
| navy | the nations warships and all the people who work on the warships. When the British captured American ships, they forced the Americans to join the British ______. |
| James Madison | US president during the War of 1812. He thought the US would win the war quickly but his army and navy were small. He was also president when the British set fire to the White House |
| Tecumseh | Native American leader who lived on the land between the eastern states and the Mississippi River. He fought for Great Britain during the War of 1812 and helped them win battles in Canada. He was angry that Americans kept taking his land. He died in battle during the war |
| Dolley Madison | First Lady of the US during the War of 1812. She saved a famous painting of Washington and some important government papers when the White House was burned down by the British |
| Fort McHenry | located at the Port of Baltimore. In 1814, the British tried to capture it. After a battle, the American flag still flew over it, symbolizing an American victory. This inspired Francis Scott Key to write the "Star Spangled Banner" |
| Francis Scott Key | author of the poem that became the national anthem of the US, "The Star-Spangled Banner". He wrote it because he was inspired by the American victory at Fort McHenry during the War of 1812 |
| Andrew Jackson | General who won the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812. As a war hero, he was elected president of the US in 1829. During his presidency, he carried out the law that forced Native Americans in the South to move to the Indian Territory |
| national anthem | a patriotic song adopted by a country to represent the country |
| invent | think up or make for the first time |
| Industrial Revolution | a change from making goods by hand to making goods by machine. It started in Britain in the late 1700s. In the US it helped cities grow and trade increase while the number of farmers decreased |
| goods | things people buy |
| cotton gin | machine that removes seeds from cotton plants |
| mass production | people make large amounts of goods that are exactly alike. This way parts could be used to to fix the same part in a broken good. This allowed goods to be produced faster and cheaper |
| steamboat | boat powered by a steam engine |
| steam engine | machine that uses steam to create power for other machines |
| canal | waterway that connects bodies of water |
| locomotive | engines used to pull trains |
| Samuel Slater | He started the Industrial Revolution in the US. Born in Britain, he studies how the British built machines to make cloth. He build a factory in the US where his spinning machines made thread |
| Eli Whitney | He invented the cotton gin in 1793. He also made guns for the US army using mass production in 1798 |
| Francis Cabot Lowell | Massachusetts factory owner who was the the first person to put machines for making thread and cloth in one factory. He hired young women to work in his factories. The women worked long hours in dangerous conditions |
| Robert Fulton | He sailed a steamboat called the Clermont on the Hudson River in New York in 1807. Trade and travel became faster. |
| Erie Canal | This 350 mile waterway, finished in 1825, connected the Atlantic Ocean through the port of NYC to Lake Erie. Because of it, NYC grew in size and trade to the western frontier was cheaper and faster |
| border | line that separates one state from another (can also separate cities, towns and countries) |
| Trail of Tears | When Cherokee were forced to move west to Indian Territory, this is what they called their trip |
| tariff | taxes on goods from other countries |
| Creek | large Native American tribe that helped the British during the War of 1812. Andrew Jackson defeated them during the Battle of New Orleans |
| Cherokee | Native American tribe that helped the Americans fight against the Creek during the War of 1812. When Native Americans were forced to move to Indian lands, they called the sad and dangerous trip "The Trail of Tears" |
| Sequoyah | Cherokee who made an alphabet for his people. He helped them learn to read and write, set up schools and newspapers |
| Indian Territory | This is the land west of the Mississippi River where Native Americans were forced to move from 1831-1839 based on a law made in Congress in 1830. Americans wanted the land the Natives had lived on in the Southeast |
| Osceola | brave Native American leader of the Seminole tribe in Florida. He fought battles against the American army because he did not want to move to the Indian Territory. He died in jail, a hero to his people |
| reform | change to make something such as a school or government better |
| education | the learning a person gets from school, people and places |
| abolitionists | people who worked to end slavery in the United States |
| mental illness | a disease or condition that changes the way people think |
| Horace Mann | Massachussetts reformer who improved public schools. The state paid for children to go to public schools. He started a school for teachers. Massachusetts had better schools because of him |
| Emma Willard | reformer who started the first high school for girls so that girls could get a better education |
| Mary Lyon | reformer who helped women get a better education at college. She started Mount Holyoke in Massachusetts in 1837, a college where women studied the same subjects that mean studied in other colleges |
| Thomas Gallaudet | reformer who started a free school for deaf children in Connecticut in 1817 |
| William Lloyd Garrison | an abolitionist leader who worked for reform. He published a newspaper about ending slavery |
| Frederick Douglass | African American abolitionist who gave popular speeches about why slavery was wrong. He became free when he ran away to the North. He wanted other slaves to also become free |
| Dorthea Dix | reformer who worked to make jails better for prisoners. She also worked to have people with mental illness treated in hospitals |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | reformer and abolitionists who wanted women to have the right to vote. She helped plan the Seneca Falls convention |
| Seneca Falls | town in New York where a meeting about women's rights took place in 1848. It was the beginning of the women's rights movement |
| recall questions | questions that require you to remember specific facts, dates and definitions (What, which, how many?) |
| Synthesis questions | questions that require you to use information about two or more topics to answer (why, how) |
| philosophical questions | questions that are theoretical and rhetorical. They lead to more questions. |
| telegraph | invention of Samuel Morse. It sent electric signals through wires to communicate over long distances. This drmaticall immproved how news and information spread through the US |
| Samuel FB Morse | inventor who became wealthy due to his patnet of the telegraph invention in 1840 |
| history lesson | a general lesson you can learn about people by learning history |
| political cartoon | a drawing that expresses an opinion about a topic or issue. It is humorous, but it makes a serious point. |
