| A | B |
|---|
| the practice of harvesting potentially renewable resources in ways that do not deplete them | Resource management |
| List 5 reasons that natural resources are vital to us | rangeland, soil for agriculture, water for recreation and drinking, habitat for wildlife, Minerals used for technology |
| aims to achieve the maximum amount of resource extraction | Maximum sustainable yield |
| managing the harvesting of resources to minimize impact on the ecosystems and ecological processes | Ecosystem-based management |
| Ecosystem based management is easy to implement ( true or false) | false-Ecosystems are complex, and our understanding of how they operate is limited |
| systematically testing different management approaches and aiming to improve methods | Adaptive management |
| resolved disputes between loggers and preservationists over the remaining old-growth temperate rainforests in the continental U.S. | The 1994 Northwest Forest Plan |
| What was the purpose of the The 1994 Northwest Forest Plan | allowed limited logging in order to protect the species and ecosystems |
| Forests cover over ______ of Earth’s land surface | 30% |
| What is the key role for forest management | Provide habitat, maintain soil, air, and water quality, and play key roles in biogeochemical cycles Provide wood for fuel, construction, paper production |
| professionals who manage forests through the practice of forestry, must balance ecosystem services with demand for wood products | Foresters |
| Are forest normally high or low in biodiversity | high |
| list 8 services that a forest provides | Stabilizes soil and prevents erosion Slows runoff, lessens flooding, purifies water Stores carbon, releases oxygen, moderates climates |
| In 2005, over ______ all forests were designated for timber production | 1/3 |
| Name 5 outcomes of deforestation | Alters landscapes and ecosystems Degrades soil Causes species decline and extinction Ruins civilizations Adds carbon dioxide to the air |
| natural forest uncut by people Little remained by the 20th century | Primary forest |
| grown to partial maturity after old-growth timber has been cut | Second-growth trees |
| Deforestation is rapid in places such as | Brazil and Indonesia |
| How much of the US land was National Forest | 77 million ha (191 million acres); 8% of the U.S. land area |
| The U.S. Forest Service was established in | 1905 |
| What are the 5 Federal agencies own land in the U.S. | Bureau of Indian Affairs, Burea of Land Management. Fish and Wildlife, Forest Service . National Park Service |
| Imber plantations have trees that are | fast growing and monoculltures |
| Plantations are______, not | crops, functional forests |
| List 7 things that are true about clear cutting of trees | All trees in the area are cut Most cost-efficient Greatest impact on forest ecosystems May mimic some natural forms of disturbance Destroy entire communities Soil erosion Public is outraged over this type of harvesting |
| a small number of seed-producing trees are left standing to reseed the area | Seed-tree cutting |
| a small number of trees are left to provide shelter for the seedlings | Shelterwood cutting |
| only select trees are cut | Selection systems |
| The Forest Service loses ______________ by selling timber below cost | $100 million/yr |
| Mandated that plans for renewable resource management had to be drawn up for every national forest | The National Forest Management Act (1976) |
| The National Forest Management Act (1976) guidelines list 6 of them | Consideration of both economic and environmental factors Provision for species diversity Ensuring research and monitoring Permitting only sustainable harvests Protection of soils and wetlands Assessing all impacts before logging to protect reso |
| New forestry management calls for | timber cuts that mimic natural disturbances |
| President Clinton’s roadless rule, which protected 31% of national forests from _______ | road building |
| The Bush administration has rolled backthe 1976 Forest management guidelines and did what? | Freed managers from requirements of the Act Loosened environmental protections Repealed President Clinton’s roadless rule, which protected 31% of national forests from road building |
| ________________________ have sued the government to reinstate the roadless rule | California, Oregon, and New Mexico |
| For over 100 years, the Forest Service suppressed ___________ | all fires |
| But many ecosystems depend on _______ | fires |
| What results from suppressing fires | allows woody accumulation, which produces kindling for future fires Which are much worse |
| burning areas of forests under carefully controlled conditions | Prescribed (controlled) burns |
| promotes removal of small trees, underbrush and dead trees | Healthy Forests Restoration Act (2003) |
| Salvage logging | Removal of dead trees following a natural disturbance |
| What 3 effects of removing dead trees have on an ecosystem | Snags (standing dead trees) provide nesting cavities for countless animals Removing timber from recently burned areas increases erosion and soil damage Promotes future fires |
| only products produced sustainably can be certified | Sustainable forestry certification |
| Companies such as______________ell sustainable wo | Home Depot |
| Agriculture covers _______ of the Earths’ terrestrial surface | 38% |
| ___- supports pasture, ____ supports crops | 26%, 12% |
| The most widespread type of land use is | agriculture |
| _______ have been drained for farming | Wetlands |
| Less than_____ the wetlands remain | half |
| subsidized farmers to take highly erodable land out of production | Conservation Reserve Program (1985) |
| Livestock graze ___________ of Earth’s land | 1/4 |
| owns and manages most U.S. rangeland | Bureau of Land Management (BLM |
| Nation’s single largest lando | Bureau of Land Management (BLM |
| Bureau of Land Management (BLM) = owns and manages | 261 million acres) across 12 western states |
| Ranchers can graze cattle on BLM lands for _____ | low fees |
| ____________ in the late 1800s called for agencies to base management on science | John Wesley Powell |
| preserving areas with enormous, beautiful or unusual features, such as the Grand Canyon | Monumentalism |
| Reasons for establishing parks and reserves include ( 3 ) | recreational value,Protect areas with utilitarian benefits, such as clean drinking water,Preservation of biodiversity |
| Yellowstone National Park was established in ____ | 1872 |
| The president can declare selected public lands as national monuments | The president can declare selected public lands as national monuments |
| Created in 1916 to administer parks and monuments | The National Park Service (NPS) |
| The National Park Service (NPS) covers how much land | 72 million acres) |
| National Wildlife Refuges began in ______ by _____ | 1903 by President Theodore Roosevelt |
| a coalition of individuals and industries that oppose environmental protec | The wise-use movement |
| President_______________ has weakened wilderness protection | George W. Bush |
| Federal agencies have shifted policies and enforcement Away from preservation and conservation | Toward recreation and resource extracti |
| local or regional organizations that purchase land to protect it | Land trusts |
| world’s largest land trust | The Nature Conservancy |
| protected by a land trust | Jackson Hole, Wyoming |
| National Parks now protect areas that now cover _________of the world’s land area | 9.6% |
| Areas protected on paper but not in reality | paper parks |
| protected areas that fall under national sovereignty but are designated or managed by the United Nations | World heritage sites |
| an area of protected land overlapping national borders | Transboundary park |
| Example of a transboundary park | Waterton-Glacier National Parks in the U.S. and Canada |
| transboundary reserves that help ease tensions by acting as buffers between nation | Peace Park |
| land with exceptional biodivers | Biosphere reserve |
| Biosphere reserves have 3 zones | core, buffer, transitional |
| describe the transitional zone | human settlement and sustainable agriculture |
| descsribe the core zone of a biosphere reserve | preservation of biodiversity |
| The SLOSS dilemma stands for | Single Large Or Several Small reserves |
| protected land that allows animals to travel between islands of protected habitat | Corridors |
| What is the value of a corridor | Animals get more resources Enables gene flow between populations |
| If an area is managed for Maximum Sustained Yield, and the area can support 100 organisms, how many organisms will be allowed to remain in the area? | 50 ( 1/2 ) |
| Which of the following is not part of the ecological value of forests? 4 things | Erosion prevention b) Decreased flooding c) Carbon storage d) Climate moderation |
| Which of the following statement regarding forest management is false? | Which of the following statement regarding forest management is false? |
| Which of the following statement regarding forest management is false? | Cuts all trees in an area, leaving only stump |
| The National Forest Management Act of 1976 guidelines included all of the following | Consideration of economic factors Soil protection Provisions for species diversity |
| The Conservation Reserve Program: | Pays farmers subsidies to protect wetlands |
| Monumentalism” refers to: | Preserving lands with enormous or beautiful features |
| Which areas are off limits to all development? | Wilderness areas |
| How does habitat fragmentation threaten species? | Large lands are chopped into small pieces |
| Which type of land ownership has more trees being cut than growing? | Forest industry land |
| Which area of the world had the largest increase in paper consumption between 1990 and 2000? | Asia |
