| A | B |
|---|
| WWI | caused by an increasing sense of nationalism, alliances, arms race, jingoism, and the Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand |
| Treaty of Versailles/League of Nations | Treaty of Versailles controlled by France, Britain, Italy and Us, Germany not allowed to participate in treaty, Germany blamed: Charged with war debt, lost colonies, were embarrassed by treaty, limited army, Bolshevik leaders of Russia not invited; League of Nations was created as a result of the treaty, it was made by Wilson and wasn’t strong enough |
| Armenian Genocide | Young Turks blamed Armenians for loss of war |
| Lenin | Bolshevik leader of communist party and urban workers |
| Zionist in Europe | return to Palestine, Jewish movement “Return to holy land”, Jews promised holy land in the Balfour Declaration |
| Western Front | known for trench warfare |
| Jingoism | warlike nationalism sentiments that spread among Middle and working classes throughout Europe |
| National Congress Party (India) | led Indians to independence and governed through most of early decades of postcolonial era |
| Great Depression | 1st symptom was the crash of the New York Stock Market, causes: buying on credit, over speculation of stocks, protective tariffs, Russia was the only place that flourished during the depression |
| New Deal | created by FDR, programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insurance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state’s intervention in U.S social and economic life |
| Fascism(Italy, Mussolini) | political philosophy that became predominant in Italy and then Germany,; attacked weaknesses of democracy, corruption of capitalism; promised vigorous foreign and military programs; undertook state control of economy to reduce social friction |
| Corporatism | political ideology that emphasized the organic nature of society and made the state a mediator, adjusting the interests of different social groups; appealed to conservative groups in European and Latin American societies and to the military |
| Mexican Revolution | started with economic troubles, political, problems and corruption, Figures: Diaz, Zapata, and Pancho Villa |
| Syndicalism | economic and political system based on the organization of labor; imported in Latin America from European political movements; militant force in Latin American politics |
| Pancho Villa | Mexican rebel in the north |
| Russian Revolution | started because of factory workers protested WWI, Key figures: Lenin, Kerensky, Trotsky, and Stalin, Outcomes: New Economic Policy, collectivization, Supreme soviet |
| Red Army | military organization constructed under Leon Trotsky |
| New Economic Policy | stabilized economy, gave more freedom to peasants and small businesses |
| Stalin | is the new leader of the communist state, he implements collectivization, put in 2 Five Year Plans, gets rid of opponents which makes them weak at the beginning of WWII |
| Five Year Plans | aimed to increase industrial production, constructed massive factories in metallurgy, mining, and electric power; led to massive state-planned industrialization at cost of availability of consumer products |
| Socialist Realism | attempt within the USSR to relate formal culture to the masses in order to avoid the adoption of western European cultural forms; begun under Stalin; fundamental method of Soviet fiction, art, and literary criticism |
| Decolonization | undoing of colonialism (Africa in WWII) |
| Veitnam War | War: 1955-1975 Communist North Vietnam tries to take over South. South is supported by US and anti-communist nations for containment policy. North wins after US withdraws out of South |
| Ho Chi Minh | Leader of North Vietnam who discovered Marxism after being denied self-determination at Treaty of Versailles |
| Viet Cong | Communist Resistance in Vietnam |
| Gorbachev | Westernized Russia after end of Cold War |
| Perestroika | Economic Restructuring in Russia after Cold War (private business allowed) |
| Glasnost | Russian Policy of new openness under Gorbachev |
| Boris Yeltsin | proclaimed end of USSR, created Commonwealth of the Leading Republics |
| Persian Gulf War | Western and Arab States defeats Iraq that leaves Saddam Hussein in power. US maintains military presence in Persian Gulf Region |
| Globalization | Interconnectedness of all parts of the world, particularly in communication, commerce, culture, and politics |
| North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) | pushed for lower tariffs and greater economic coordination (sent some jobs out of the country) |
| Guomindang | Chinese political party, known as the “Chinese Nationalist Party”, formed in 1912 after the overthrow of the Manchu empire, led by Sun Yat-sen |
| Mao Zedong | Communist leader, ruler of China from 1949 ‘till his death in 1976, instituted the “Great Leap Forward, a model for economic growth |
| May 4th Movement | Movement for social and political reform by young intellectuals. Successfully restructured the Nationalist Party |
| Spanish Civil War | 1936-1939. Military revolt against Spain’s Republican government by conservatives called the Nationalists. Initial coup failed, resulting in long, bloody civil war |
| Blitzkrieg | Literal German for “lightning war”. German’s primary attack strategy through WW2. Named as such for the characteristic “fast as lightning” attacks that usually overwhelmed the enemy force. |
| Holocaust | A state-sponsored genocide enacted by Hitler during WW2. 6 million Jews and millions of other people like POW’s, blacks, mentally challenged and gays were systematically killed in large death camps. |
| Pearl Harbor | The site of Japanese attacks that caused the US to enter WW2 in opposition to Germany and the Japanese. |
| United Nations | International organization founded in 1945 after WW2 to replace the defunct League of Nations. Aims to aid in international law, security, economic and social growth, and ultimately achieve world peace. |
| Total War | War that has no limit in its scope or methods. Used to completely incapacitate the enemy and do away with possible resistance. A popular example is William Sherman’s “March to the Sea” during the American Civil War |
| Muslim League | A highly influential Indian Muslim group indirectly influenced the creation of Pakistan as a Muslim state |
| Quit India Movement | Indian civil disobedience movement during 1942 as a response to Gandhi’s call for independence. |
| Apartheid | Racial segregation legally enforced by South Africa’s National Party between 1948 and 1993. The rights of non-whites were revoked and whites ruled despite their minority population |
| Eastern Bloc | The once communist states of Eastern and Central Europe, such as the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and East Germany |
| Berlin Wall | The wall physically separating West Berlin from surrounding East Germany and East Berlin. In 1989 the wall was destroyed |
| Berlin Airlift | The American initiative to airlift food and supplies to the isolated West Berlin during the time of the Berlin Wall |
| Marshall Plan | 1947-1951 – a large-scale economic program enacted by the United States for building a stronger economic foundation for Europe |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | The moment that the Cold War came closest to actually becoming a nuclear war. Cuba’s construction of long range ballistic nuclear missiles with the capability to reach the United States sparked great tensions that almost resulted in all out war |
| Korean War | 1950-1953, ending in armistice. Conflict between The Republic of Korea and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (confusing names, right?). The UN supported the Republic of Korea while China supported the DPRK |
| Space Race | A twentieth century competition between the Soviet Union and the United States for space exploration and technological superiority. It is an extension of the arms race that existed during the Cold War. First space satellite: Sputnik, USSR. First man in space: Yuri Gagarin, USSR. First landing on moon: Apollo 11, USA (or was it???) |
