| A | B |
|---|
| Infarction | Area of tissue that has died because of lack of blood supply |
| Ischemic | Temporary interruption in blood supply and oxygen to a tissue or organ |
| Blood Flow | The venae cavae drain oxygen-poor blood from the upper and lower body into the upper right chamber of the heart (the atrium), the right ventricle receives the blood from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve, then the tricuspid valve keeps blood in the lower right chamber (the right ventricle) from flowing backward into the right atrium, the pulmonary artery carries oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle tothe lungs, then the pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart (the left atrium). Pulmonary veins are the only veins in the body that carry oxygenated blood. The left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium through the mitral valve that regulates blood flow between the left atrium and lower left ventricle. the left ventricle is the main pumping station of the heart, sending blood out through the aorta (the largest artery in the body) to all parts of the body except the lungs. |
| Electrocardiograph | records both the intensity and the actual time it takes for each part of the cardiac cycle to occur. It measures the electrical conductive impulses of the heart muscle. |
| EKG or ECG stands for | Electrocardiogram, represent the true cardiac activity of the patient |
| Lead placement | RA: (white) is the negative pole attached to right arm, LA: (black) positive pole left arm, RL: (green) right leg, LL: (red) positive pole left leg, V1: (Red) Fourth intercostal space to the right of the sternum. V2: (yellow) fourth intercostal space to the left of the sternum. V3: (green) midway between V2 and V4. V4: (blue) fifth intercostal space at the left midclavicular line. V5: (orange) halfway between V4 and V6 in the left anterior axillary line. V6: (purple) Fifth intercostal space between in the left midaxillary line. |
| Bradycardia | Heart rate of less than 60 beats per minutte |
| Tachycardia | Heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute |
| Holter Monitor | A portable system for recording the cardiac activity of a patient over a 24-hour period or longer |
| The Cardiac Stress Test | is conducted to observe and record the patient's cardiovascular response to measure exercise challenges to diagnose cardiac disease, energy performance, to designed an exercise plan: involves walking or running in a treadmill and progressively increasing intensity while recording an ECG |
| Myocardial Infarction (Heart attack) | is the death of heart muscle due to the sudden blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot. |
| Symptoms of MI in Women | Abdominal or midback pain, Jaw pain, Indigestion, Extreme fatigue, aching in both arms, sweating. |
| MI treatment | Aspirin, Beta blockers (tenormin, lopressor, inderal), anticoagulants (coumadin), anticholesterol agents (lipitor, zocor, mevacor), angioplasty or open heart surgery |
| Sinoatrial node (SA) | Pacemaker of the heart located in the right atrium, the SA node controls the rate of heart contraction by initiating electrical impulses 60 to 100 times per minute |
| Orthopnea | Difficulty breathing when in supine position |
| Dyspnea | Difficulty breathing |
| Defibrillator | Machine used to deliver an electroshock to the heart through electrodes placed on the chest wall |
| Cardiac arrest | complete cessation of cardiac contractions |
| Bundle of His | Fibers that conduct electrical impulses from AV node to ventricular myocardium |
| AP wave represent | Atrial contraction |
| The Holter Monitor | A Holter monitor is a small, wearable device that records your heart rhythm. You usually wear a Holter monitor for one to three days, and during that time, the device will record all of your heartbeats. |
| Diastole | is the relaxation phase of the heartbeat during which the chambers are refilling with blood |
| Systole | is when both the atria and ventricles contract and empty of blood. |
| The cardiac cycle for a healthy adult last | apprx. 0.8 seconds. |
| NSR | Normal Sinus Rhythm, refers to a regular heart rate that falls within the average range of 60 to 80 beats per minute |
| Sinus Bradycardia | is a heart rate less than 60 beats/min |
| Sinus Tachycardia | a rate greater than 100 beats/min |
| Arrhytmia | an irregular cardiac rhythm that interrupt the conduction pathway, SA node to AV node to bundle of His to right and left bundle branches. |
| Polarization | is the resting state of the myocardial wall when there is no electrical activity in the heart is recorded as a flatline |
| Depolarization | is the contraction of the stimulated heart muscle |
| Repolarization | the process of reaching the resting state before electrical stimulation |
| the QRS complex | shows the contraction of both ventricles and also reflects the completion of cardiac depolarization |
| The PQRST complex | one entire cardiac cycle |
| P wave | occurs during the contraction of the atria and shows the beginning of cardiac depolarization, the P wave is rounded and should occur before each QRS complex. |
| The PR interval | is the time from the beginning of atrial contraction to the beginning of ventricular contraction. |
| The ST segment | reflects the time between the end of ventricular contraction and the beginning of ventricular recovery. |
| The T wave | represents ventricular recovery or repolarization of the ventricles. |
| The QT interval | is the time between the beginning of the QRS complex through the T wave, during this time the ventricles contract and relax. |
| U wave | associated with further ventricular relaxation |
| Baseline | The heart at rest, polarization |
| ECG paper | is graph paper that has horizontal and vertical lines at 1-mm intervals. The horizontal axis of the paper represents time, and the vertical axis represents amplitude |
| Each small square measures | 1 mm on each side, one small 1-mm square passes the stylus every 0.04 second, which means that one large 5-mm square passes every 0.2 second. |
| The first three leads I, II, III recorded are called | the standard or bipolar leads because they use two limb electrodes, the right arm electrode is the negative pole, and the left leg or left arm electrodes are the positive poles. |
| Lead I | records the electrical activity of the lateral part of the left ventricle between the right arm and the left arm. |
| Lead II | records the electrical activity of the inferior surface of the left ventricle between the right arm and left leg |
| Lead III | records the electrical activity of the inferior surface of the left ventricle between the left arm and left leg |
| Augmented leads | aVr augmented voltage right arm, (aVl) augmented voltage left arm, (aVf) augmented voltage left leg |
| calculated heart rate from the ECG | count the number of P waves in a 6 second strip (30) large squares and multiply by 10, also you count P waves in a 3 second strip (15 large squares) and multiply by 20 |
| To get the ventricular contraction rate | count the number of complete QRS complexes within 6 seconds and multiply by 10 to get the number in 1 minute. |
| Heart rate can be calculated | by counting the number of small squares between two R waves then divide the number into 1500 |
| Cardiac Arrhythmias categories | sinus arrhythmias, atrial arrhythmias, ventricular arrhythmias, and biochemical arrhythmias |
| PAC | premature atrial contraction, causing premature beats of atria and extra P waves |
| Atrial Flutter | when the atria geat at an extremely rapid rate that can be up to 300 beats/min |
| PVCs | Premature ventricular contractions, occur when the ventricles contract before they should, a QRS complex appears before a P wave. There is an absent of P wave, an abnormally shaped T wave, and a widened QRS complex follow by a pause |
| V-tach | Ventricular Tachycardia, occurs when the ventricles beat at a extremely rapid rates. Multiple PVCs occur in a row, heart rate from 101 to 250 beats/mn |
| V-fib | Ventricular fibrillation, is the most critical life-threatening arrhythmia and will result in death if not treated. The heart muscle is ineffective in pumping any blood |
| Asystole | the result of no heartbeat and results in a flatline ont he ECG |
| Pacemakers Rhythms | a device that corrects cardiac conduction system abnormalities, contains a battery that produces small electrical charges that cause the heart to beat |
| AICD | Automatic Implanted Cardioverter Defribillator, monitors the heart rhythm and delivers a shock to the heart if it detects a dangerous tachycardia. It is a small battery-operated devide that is implanted under the skin in the chest or abdomen, can be used to reverse V-tach and V-fib |
| EBT | electro bean tomography, heart scan or ultrafast CT |
