| A | B |
|---|
| Jason K. (3) // sign.? | 1. sits next to Dan 2. tries very hard 3. leaves room for improvement // sig: embodies everything that Dan rejects in our world today. |
| Daniel Nietering (4) // sign.? | 1. a leader in the community 2. a leader in GEOG 110 3. will ace the final exam 4. sits next to Jason K // embodies everything that is pure and desirable in the world today. |
| hajj | the requirement of Muslims that they make at least one pilgrammage to Mecca (or Makkah) in their lifetimes, one of the five pillars of Islam |
| the Balfour Declaration (when) // effects/sign.? | the 1917 British promise to "[establish] Palestine as a home for the Jewish people." // it greatly increased Jewish migration into area today known as Israel, where they would eventually declare their own state in 1947 and go to war against the native Arab populations, who rejected the declaration and their state |
| Levant // sign. (3) | 1 - region of Middle East comprised of Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Israel - 2 - controlled by the French for awhile, literally means "rising" in French, for when French sailed there, sun appeared to rise over that area. - 3 - Lebanon is the heart of the Levant |
| Shi'ites (where?) (authority?) | spread into Iran and southern Iraq - the authority is mosque and the Imam, passed down through Muhammad's son-in-law Ali |
| Sunnis (4) | (1) they wanted power passed down through the clergy (2) their form of Islam became the mainstream, much more moderate (3) power resides in the family, community (4) this form of Islam spread everywhere else, most notably in across northern Africa |
| Har Homa | the usurpation of this olive field/hill in southern Jerusalem for construction purposes by the Netanyahu government in 1996 enraged Palestinians and was seen as the most blatant violation of the 1993 Oslo Peace Accords, which set out to prevent further Israeli settlements in parts of the West Bank. |
| OPEC (when were they making huge profits/when did profits begin to subside) | Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries - most of its key members are found in the middle east, and they profoundly influence global oil prices and production targets for petroleum. - an oil shortage in the '70s and early '80s gave them a whole lot of profit, but in the mid-80s and late '90s, many non-OPEC countries (russia, mexico, and others) began to compete in the global oil-market and oil prices fell...as did OPEC countries' huge economic profits |
| theocratic state (first one was where and when) // sign. | a state where the laws, customs, government, economy and culture conform to the main tenets of a religion. Such a state showed up first in Iran in 1979, when the Ayatollah Khomeini overthrew Shah Pavlavi (just remember "the Shah", guys). // this showed the Muslim world that they could bring religion into government, rule by Sharia, cover women...they were an example for the Taliban in Afghanistan and arguably Sudan |
| Maghreb // some sign. | known as the "Western Island", this region of N. Africa is comprised of the five countries Libya, Tunisia, Morocco, Algeria, and West Sahara // Sunni Islam is the nearly exclusive religion in this area, illustrates expansive and quick diffusion of Sunni Islam |
| Coptic // sign. | the primary Christian, Egyptian church, is roughly connected with Eastern Orthodox Church // the coptics are one of the only large, Christian groups in the middle east, a vast minority to Muslims |
| ayatollahs // sign. | the spiritual leaders of Shi'ite Islam, the upper echelon or muslim clerics // The Ayatollah Khomeini was one of these spiritual leaders, and he established the first theocratic state in Iran in 1979 |
| Al Quds // sign. | the Palestinian/Arabic name for Jerusalem // sacred city for Muslims, home of the Dome of the Rock, where Muhammed was said to have ended his mystical night journey from Mecca, and the spot of his ascension into heaven |
| Palestinian Authority (PA) | the ruling body of the country-less Palestinians, it controls transportation and police in Gaza Strip, and it establishes goals for increasing Palestinian control in various parts of the West Bank |
| Al Aqsa Intifada (when started?) | the most recent of the intifadas, began on Sept. 28 2000. Al Aqsa shows the relationship b/w religion and geography so important in the Middle East, for it refers to a sacred mosque in Haram Al-Sharif in Jerusalem, the third most sacred site of the religion of Islam. Israeli leader Ariel Sharon went into this land with about 1000 troops, Palestinians saw it as desecration, and it provoked an intifada that continues to this day. |
| EU - European Union (formed when and where) (4 broad purposes) | refers to the supranational organization formed officially in 1991 by the Treaty of Maastricht with goals of unifying Europe. Four broad purposes of a unified europe have been 1 - To rebuild; after WWII, the place was destroyed - 2- to contain permanently the forces of nationalism - 3 - to counter Soviet threat after the 1948 Berlin Blockade and during the Cold War - 4 - counter USA's industrial domination |
| "Fortress Europe" (evidence of it?) | the name for the unofficial defense perimeter that is hostile to migrants from Asia, Africa, and even eastern Europe. Schengen Agreement is said to be evidence of it, because non-"fortress europe" folks will have much more difficulty migrating in. |
| Schengen Agreement (made when, by whom) // sign.? | signed in 1985 by the 15 members of the EU, it aimed to gradually reduce border formalities for travelers moving between France, Germany, and the Benelux countries (belgium, netherlands, luxembourg). // This relaxation among these countries amounts to INCREASED inspection due to other countries. Evidence of fortress europe. |
| Treaty of Maastrict (when) | signed in 1993, this treaty reconfigured what is today known as the European Union; it gave greater political and economic power to a regional government instead of the traditional state governments. |
| Immigration Act of 1924 | banned all immigration from Japan to the U.S., put an annual quota system on all immigrants from all eligible countries to the U.S. |
| "blue belt" or "blue banana" (why called "blue") | economic backbone of Europe, runs from London to Milan. It's called the "blue" banana because blue is the official color of the European Union and their new currency, the Euro's, color. |
| Euro dollar | will be instituted in 2002 among members of the European Monetary Union (11 of 15 EU states, not Britain, Greece, Denmark, or Sweden) previous currencies will be eventually phased out |
| keiretsu (examples) | large groups of companies complexly intertwined, owning each other's stocks and buying products from each other (e.g., Mitsubishi and Honda) |
| MITI | Ministry of International Trade and Industry, it's a Japanese bureaucratic machine that manages export sales through networks of intelligence-gathering offices in the world; in other words, it finds investment opportunities and directs business' exports to the profitable areas |
| Kyoto, Japan | the former imperial capital and the traditional center of elite culture. For this reason, it was the one major city that the U.S. didn't bomb during WWII. As for the rest of Japan, their traditionally wooden (more earthquake resistant) architecture was quite susceptible to fire bombing--the whole damn country burned to the ground. Kyoto's beautiful monasteries and temples stand strong, though. |
| EPZ's (where in Asia are these typical?) // sign. | Export Processing Zones, it's a geographic area in which companies enjoy a set of advantages designed to fuel greater exports than other areas of the country. Typical in the four Asian Tigers' regions. // similar to maquilladoras, there is low protection for workers, lower safety standards, etc., but it creates a lot of jobs b/c of the business' success from increased international demand (less money spent on workers) |
| Asian Tigers // (symbolic crowning achievement?) | title refers to South Korea, Hong Kong, Thailand, and Singapore. They practice Export-Oriented Industrialization, basing its production decisions on international demand; the governments assist their businesses in the process // the granting of the 1988 Olympics to Seoul, Korea was their crowning achievement. |
| Han dynasty (3) | 1 - officially ended the old feudal order of warring tribes - 2 - unified the country - 3 - and architecture flourished |
| loess // sign. | this fine sediment was blown in by wind during the glacier period. For China, the loess in the Loess Plateau (main concentration of Loess) has been a tragedy, for while crops grow abundantly in this soil, but it washes away readily in running water. // Unfortunately for the Chinese, loess has caused tragedy after tragedy. Yellow River, or Huang He, has been called the "river of sorrows", for in the Loess Plateau in Northern China, because it constantly shifts course in a new direction, destroying entire villages without warning. |
| Sichuan Basin | in Upper Yangtze region surrounded by mountains, this fertile valley in China brought bamboo and soil from higher elevated regions to the west; it never experiences frost so the farming is excellent. |
| Three Gorges Dam // sign. | china formerly depended on its enormous volume of soft coal to burn for electricity. The Three Gorges Dam, begun in the late 1980s on the Yangtze River just east of the Sichuan Basin, it is China's attempt to solve their electricity/population problems through the largest hydroelectric dam ever created. // It has also displaced over a million people and necessitated the extinction of the Sichuan dolphin |
| "river of sorrows" | name referring to Yellow or Huang He river, connotes the tragedy that millions have suffered through the reshifting of the river's course because of overcultivation of the thinly sedimented loess soil. |
| Mao Zedong (4) | 1 - General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and overall spiritual, political, economic, and military leader of China after the defeat of Chiang Kai-Shek's Nationalist party in 1949. - 2 - Visionary who, as leader, started the Great Leap Forward, a mass collectivization of agriculture into work units that numbered in the thousands; this effected the destruction of the family and massive social dislocation. - 3 - leader during the Cultural Revolution - 4 - also closed China off to the West until 1972, when Nixon and Kissinger were allowed to meet with him just a few years before his death |
| Cultural Revolution | movement begun under the auspices of Chairman Mao Zedong, this was an anti-intellectual movement that urged teenagers to rid China of bourgeois elements, such as teachers, professors, parents, etc. It left somewhere around 30 million dead. |
| Deng Xiaoping | Chinese reformer from 1979 to mid '90s who sought to create "communism with a Chinese face", one of the pragmatic moderates, he reformed China's economy by relaxing restrictions on private enterprise and foreign influence. Greatest. Leader. Ever. |
| Shenzhen // sign. | a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) (like a mini EPZ) in southern China's Guangdong province and adjacent to Hong Kong, where foreign investment was welcome and state interference was minimal // important because it's another way the Chinese gov't is producing capital to build better infrastructure.. through increased exports from foreign investment |
| Pudong | became a Special Economic Zone in 1988, just outside of Shanghai. It is the home of giant state-funded airports and industrial parks |
| BJP party (when) // sign. | Bharatiya Janata Party, the Hindu fundamentalist political party that took power in India in 1998 and made India a religiously fundamentalist state. // Their rise to power increased Hindu/Muslim tensions in the area because they are quite opposed to scheduled castes. Also, they're changing cities' names (e.g. Bombay = Mumbai) |
| ghats | steps on the E. & W. coasts of India that intensify monsoon seasons. The moisture from winds rises up these steps very quickly, and moisture is forced to be released in extreme quantities. (W. ghat gets high pressure in summer, East ghat gets high pressure in winter) |
| Kybher Pass | connecting the Western world to the East, this passageway that runs NW to SE from Afghanistan to India is the site of the Silk Road, and many culture clashes |
| scheduled castes | the Indian form of Affirmative Action, urban communities are required to give the lowest of the low dalit caste members a certain quota of positions in government employment; these are opposed by the BJP party. |
| dalit (% of Indian pop.) (changes) | the absolute lowest caste responsible for cleaning latrines and other B.S. jobs, the untouchables. 15% of the population, they have seen some improvements through the advocacy of scheduled castes. |
| Green Revolution (4) | 1 - improved technology allowed the use of genetically improved seeds in rice and wheat - 2 - this was the Indian government's plan to stimulate cash crops - 3 - reformed land to allow more families land ownership - 4 - with more money, the rural communities are eating better |
| Sikhism (3) // sign. | 1 - an Indian religion that originating in the Punjab region of NW India/E Pakistan around 1500 that combines elements from both Hinduism and Islam into a single creed. - 2 - they want their own state in Punjab - 3 - wear turbins, don't cut any hair that grows on their body // only 2% of the population, but they were important in mediating tensions between Muslims and Hindus; the British used them to help the two groups communicate. |
| monsoons | i don't know what else to say except that they're big in india and SE asia. check your notes fellas. |
| Indian dowry // sign. | atypically, the bride's family pays a price to the husband's family when they get married. // 1786 women were killed in "accidental" kitchen fires; this is just a small portion of the women killed by their husbands with collaberation of relatives to secure more dowries through remarrying |
| purdah (2 examples) | societal practice of secluding women in India through two ways - 1- through requiring a barka, or a head covering - 2 - through placing intricate lattice-screen partitions known as jalee in the home to shield your woman from others' views when company comes over. |
| the only school where you can study Afghan Studies | University of Nebraska at Omaha |
| Grameen Bank | rural bank started by Muhammad Yunus (who also wrote a book about it) that targets the rural poor, it specifically gave 100% of its loans to the poor and 95% to women because they are more trustworthy. And indeed, less than 3% of this bank's loans defaulted, while in the U.S. 8-15% of new cars end up in possession of the repo man |
| ASEAN (2) | the Association of SouthEast Asian Nations is comprised of 10 members, joined most recently by Vietnam in '95 and Laos and Burma in '97. - 1 - abates international tensions between member countries by way of this 10-member diplomatic team - 2 - in international disputes w/ non-member countries (primarily China), they are much more powerful as a unified whole; strength in numbers my brothers, strength in numbers. |
| "domino effect" | the American government's notion that once one SE Asian country fell to communism (i.e. Vietnam), they'd all fall. Indeed in Cambodia, Pol Pot led a communist insurgency known as the Khmer Rouge, and he established Cambodia as a communist state. This explains are participation in the Vietnam War |
| Khmer Rouge | guerillas in Cambodia who established one of the most brutal regimes the world has ever seen. City-dwellers were forced to become peasants, the wealthy and educated were summarily executed, they eliminated the family. 1 out of 4 citizens died in this mess. they also returned their calendar back to the year zero. Zero, fellas... 0. |
| Siam (literally means) | means "golden yellow", it is the sacred land of Buddhism. The only thing else I have is that in the movie "The King and I", he was king of Siam. Also, a great number of connected twins are said to have originated from here. I'm referring here to Siamese twins, you idiots. |
| transmigration | relocation of its population from one region to another within its national boundaries. this has often been urged on by government sponsorships, must mostly it has occurred naturally, as people are sick of living on the crowded island of Java and want some space. 200 million out of the country's 228 million citizens were on Java. that's too many negroes. |
| E. Timor | Dutch initially controlled the west side of this island of SE Asia, and Portuguese controlled the East side. when the portuguese left in 1949, the Timorese naturally felt they would receive independence, but Indonesia considered it rightfully theirs, mostly b/c of geographical reasons. the indonesians won the brutal war that followed, but e. timor just had an election and this may they will become an independent country. |
| Bumiputra (lit. means) // sign. | "sons of the soil", these are the indigenous Malay farmers who are the ethnic majority in Malaysia // they've come into conflict with Chinese who have migrated to Malaysia, b/c the Chinese rose to economic prosperity while the Malays got nowhere. The Chinese merchants are pretty much the Malaysian version of the Jew. |
| Tagalog | Language in the Philippines (remember Squatters' Rites?) that is a combination of Spanish and indigenous Filipino, but now "Taglish" is emerging as the dominant creole, a combination of Tagalog and English. Their language kind of serves as a barometer that measures colonial influence. I should write a damn book or something. |
| jeepney | a fricking jeep. "the prime source of entertainment", I have in my notes, but I don't see how. this in a way reflects the military presence that has only recently vanished, in addition to the idolization of everything that is American. |
| barkada | Tagalog word for the social networks of friendships and connections that exist in Filipino communities. Nap was mentioned barkada when he talking about life back home I think. Look this one up fellas, you're on your own. |
| kumpare | means "close friend" in Tagalog, with implications that it's a very close friend. Gener and Nap called each other kumpare, I think. |
| Rico Huizinga | got schooled by Dan in ping-pong today. |
