| A | B |
|---|
| militant | combative |
| Queen Elizabeth | Under her reign, England became the leader of the Protestant nations of Europe and laid the foundations for a world empire. |
| inflation | rising prices |
| witchcraft | magic performed by witches |
| divine right of kings | the belief that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God |
| commonwealth | a republic (used especially for the government of England from 1649 to 1660) |
| absolutism | a system of government in which a ruler holds total power |
| czar | the Russian word for caesar, which became the title of the Russian rulers beginning with Ivan IV |
| boyars | Russian nobility |
| Mannerism | a movement in art that emerged in Italy in the 1520s and 1530s, which emphasized emotions, suffering, and religious ecstasy |
| Baroque | a movement in art that began in Italy in the late sixteenth century, which tried to bring together the classical ideals of Renaissance art and the spiritual feelings of the sixteenth century religious revival |
| natural rights | rights with which humans are born, including rights to life, liberty, and property |
| Huguenots | French Protestants influenced by John Calvin |
| King Phillip II | He insisted on strict conformity to Catholicism and strong monarchial authority |
| England | In 1588, King Phillip II ordered preparations for an armada to invade what country? |
| armada | a fleet of warships |
