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Positions for Physical Examination and anatomy terms
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| Fowler's position | It is used for examinations and treatments of the head, neck, and chest or for patients who find it difficult to breathe lying down. The patient sits on the examination table with the head of the with the head of the table elevated 90 degrees or simply sits at the edge of the table. The drape will vary according to the exposure of the patient. |
| Semi-Fowler's position | It is used for postsurgical examinations, with patients with breathing disorders, or elevated temperatures or head trauma or pain.is a modification of Fowler's position, the head of the table is at 45-degree angle. The drape and/or gown should cover the entire patient from the nipple line down. |
| Supine (Horizontal Recumbent) | This position is used for the examination of the frontal portion of the body, including the heart, breasts, and abdominal organs. The patient's gown should be open down the front, and the drape placed over any exposed area that is not being examined. The patient lies flat, with the face upward and the lower legs supported by the table extension. |
| Dorsal Recumbent | It is used for digital examination and/or inspection of the rectal, vaginal, and perineal areas. The drape should cover the patient in a diamond shape until the physician is present. The patient lies face upward, with the weight distributed primarily to the surface of the back by flexing the knees so that the feet are flat on the table. |
| Lithotomy position | It is used for vaginal examinations that requires the use of a speculum and for Pap Smears. Place the patient on the back, with the knees sharply flexed, the arms placed at the sides or folded over the chest, and the buttocks at the bottom edge of the table. Support the feet in stirrups placed wide apart and away from the table. The patient should not be placed into this position until the physician is in the examination room and is ready for the examination. The drape should be diagonally over the patient's abdomen and knees, the drape should be large enough to cover the breasts and long enought to cover the knees and touch the ankles and wide enought to prevent the sides of the thighs from being exposed. |
| Sim's position (called lateral position) | It is used for rectal examinations, instillation of rectal medications, and perineal and some pelvic examinatios. Patient is on left side with right knee flexed against abdomen and left knee slightly flexed and the buttocks are pulled to the edge of the table. Left arm is behind body; right arm is placed comfortably. The drape extends diagonally from under the arms to below the knees. |
| Prone position | It is used for examinations of the back and spine and for certain surgical procedures. The patient lies face down on the abdomen, Arms may be above head or alongside body. The drape should cover from the middle of the back to below the knees, with the gown open to the back. |
| Knee-Chest position | It is used for rectal examination. Patient is on knees with chest and elbows resting on bed or arms above head. Head is turned to one side. Thighs are straight and slightly separated, the buttocks extends up to the air and lower legs are flat on bed. The gown should open in the back, with a fenestrated opening drape or a single sheet draped diagonally over the patient's back at the sacral area. |
| Colonoscopy | Is the examination of the large intestine or colon usisng a Colonoscope (fiberoptic scope) is a flexible tube with a camera and a light at the end. colonoscopy is used to see for colon cancer or polyps, hemorrhoids |
| Palpation | The examiner uses the sense of touch with the hand may include exploration of the abdomen for masses, feell the brachial pulse before taking a blood pressure, look for temperature, vibrations, consistency, form, size, rigidity, elasticity, moisture, texture, position, and contour. Can be performed with one hand, bimanual, or one finger (digital) |
| Percussion | involves tapping or striking the body with the fingers or small hammer, for sounds or vibratory sensations in terms of pitch, quality, duration, and resonance., it determines the amount of air or solid matter in an organ or cavity. Direct percussion strikes the body with a finger. Indirect percussion by placing the physician hand on the area and striking his/her hand with the other hand with one finger |
| Auscultation | The physician uses a Stethoscope to listenn to sousnds arising from the body (lungs, heart, and abdomen, such as murmur, a bruit and bowel sounds). |
| Mensuration | Is the process of measuring using a flexible tape or a circular wound measurement device and is usually recorded in centimeters. It measures patient's height and weight, the length and diameter of an extremity, the extent of flexion or extension of an extremity, the size of a uterus during pregnancy, the size and depth of a wound, or the pressure of a grip |
| Manipulation | Is the forceful, passive movement of a joint to determine the range of extension or flexion of a part of the body. |
| Anatomy | is the study of how the body is shaped and structured |
| Physiology | is the study of body functions |
| Structural Development (levels) | Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems (organisms) |
| Cell | Is the basic unit of life, is made up of the plasma that surrounds the cell, the cytoplasm inside the cell, and the nucleus of the cell which contain the genetic code of the cell. |
| Tissues | are grouped into four types: Epithlelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous |
| Histology | Study of tissue |
| Epithelial | Skin, glands, lining of body cavities and organs; packed closely together with litle or no intercellular material |
| Connective | Supports and binds other body tissues: collalgen, bone, cartilage, adipose, ligaments, tendons, blood, and lymph |
| Muscle | produces movement, classified as: skeletal (striated, voluntary muscle) attached to bones, cardiac (striated and involuntary, heart muscle wall, nonstriated and involuntary like blood vessels and hollow organs, persitalsis |
| Nervous System | conducts nerve impulses between the periphery and the central nervous system. Includes: Brain, spinal cord, neurons, neuroglial cells,s peripheral nerves, autonomic nerves |
| The largest organ in your body | The skin, intergumentary |
| Structural organization of the human body | The basic unit of life is the cell. Cells with similar structures and functions form tissues. Two or more type of tissues bond together for a common purpose form an organ. A body system is composed of several organs. |
| Urinary System | Filters waste material from blood, excretes waste in urine. (Nephron unit, bilateral kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra) |
| Sensory System | Eyes, ears, taste buds, offactory receptors, sensory receptors |
| Respiratory System | nose, sinuses, pharynx, laryns, trachea, bronchi, lungs, bronchioles, aleoli |
| Reproductive System | Female: estrogen and progesterone, ovum, ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, vulva mammary glands. Male: testosterone, sperm, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate gland, testes, scrotum, penis, uretra |
| Musculosskeletal System | bones, joints, muscles, tendons, ligaments, cartilage |
| Lymphatic and immune System | lymph, lymph vessels, lymph nodes,s thymus, tonsils, spleen, phagocytes, lymphocytes, antibodies |
| Gastrointestinal System | Mouth, teeth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intnestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, appendix |
| Intergumentary System | Skin, subcutaneous tissue, sweat and sebaceous glands, hair, nails, sense receptors |
| Endocrine System | pituitary, pineal, hypothalamus, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, cortex and medulla, parathyroid, thymus,s ovaries, testes |
| Cardiovascular System | Heart, valves, arteries, arterioles, veins,s venules |
| Blood System | Arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, lymphocytes, white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets, plasma |
| The sequence of a routine physical examination | by noting the patient's general health appearance, nutrition status, spepech, breath odor, skin condition and reflexes. |
| Purpose of Physical Examination | to determine the overall state of well-being of the patient |
| Three bones of your inner ear | hammer, anvil, and stirrup also known as: malleus, incus, and stapes |
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