| A | B |
|---|
| Vladimir Lenin | Leader of the Bolshevik Revolution (Russian Revolution)- leader of the Communists- first leader of the USSR |
| A. Mitchell Palmer | Attorney General- early 1920s- led the "Red Scare"- the "Palmer Raids" deported radicals (ex: Emma Goldman on the Buford) |
| Calvin Coolidge | Governor of Massachusetts (Rep) who crushed the Boston Police Strike --> Harding's V.P.- became POTUS after Harding's death in 1923- POTUS (1923-1929)- laissez-faire/pro-business polices- "The Business of America is Business" |
| Sacco and Vanzetti | Two Italian anarchists who were accused and convicted for murder (1920) in Massachusetts- their guilt is still debatable |
| Madison Grant | Believer in eugenics and immigration restriction- author of "The Passing the Great Race" (1915) |
| D.W. Griffith | Innovative filmmaker- directed "The Birth of a Nation"- the film that sparked the rise of the 2nd KKK |
| Al Capone | Chicago bootlegger who best personified the organized crime that came with Prohibition |
| Billy Sunday/Aimee Semple McPherson | The two most notable Protestant fundamentalists of the 1920s |
| John T. Scopes | Unassuming biology teacher in Dayton, TN who broke the state's Butler Law which prohibited the teaching of evolution- Scopes Monkey Trial |
| Clarence Darrow | The most famous defense attorney of the 1920s- defended John T. Scopes in the Scopes Monkey Trial (1925) because he opposed the fundamentalist attacks on science |
| William Jennings Bryan | Populist leader, anti-imperialist, resigned as Wilson's Secretary of State after the Lusitania, became the leading spokesman of the Protestant fundamentalists- came to Dayton to prosecute Scopes as an "expert" on the Bible- died shortly thereafter |
| Warren G. Harding | Republican- won the presidency in 1920- "A Return to Normalcy"- his administration was known for scandal (ex: Teapot Dome)- died shortly in 1923 before many of them broke, isolationist foreign policy |
| Andrew Mellon | Secretary of the Treasury for the Republican presidents of the 1920s- believed in supply-side economics (trickle-down economics) that favored the wealthy and business (ex: tax cuts on the rich and the benefits would trickle down to the rest of the population) |
| Albert B. Fall | Secretary of the Interior for Harding- very involved in the Teapot Dome Scandal when he illegally leased oil reserves set aside to the Navy to private business |
| Herbert Hoover | Self-made millionaire who had been orphaned at an early age, Secretary of Commerce for Harding and Coolidge, known as the Great Humanitarian for his role feeding Europe during WWI, defeated Al Smith in 1928, president during the Stock Market Crash and Great Depression, Bonus March, resoundingly defeated by FDR in 1932 |
| Al Smith | "The Happy Warrior"- Democratic candidate for president in 1928- crushed by Hoover because he was a Catholic and a "wet" |
| Bruce Barton | Author of "The Man Nobody Knows"- which argued Jesus Christ was the greatest advertising agent of all time |
| Henry Ford | Automobile tycoon who mass-produced cheap automobiles using the assembly line- made the Model T. affordable for the masses |
| Alfred P. Sloan | Executive of General Motors, differed from Ford because he introduced payment plans and different models/colors of automobiles |
| Sigmund Freud | Austrian psychologist who emphasized the role of sexuality on human behavior, controversial |
| Margaret Sanger | Champion of the birth control movement |
| Babe Ruth | "The Sultan of Swat", "the Big Bambino"- the greatest baseball player of all time- New York Yankee- his HR recorded lasted until the 1970s |
| Charles Lindbergh | 1st man to fly solo across the Atlantic from NYC to Paris aboard "The Spirit of St. Louis" (1927)- perhaps the most famous man of the 1920s |
| Louis Armstrong/Jelly Roll Morton | The most famous jazz musicians of the 1920s |
| W.C. Handy/Robert Johnson/Bessie Smith | The most famous Blues musicians of the 1920s |
| Langston Hughes | Most prominent black author of the Harlem Renaissance- ex: "The Weary Blues" |
| Ernest Hemmingway | Author of the Lost Generation- wrote "The Sun Also Rises" (1926), "A Farewell to Arms" (1929), and "For Whom the Bell Tolls" (1940) |
| F. Scott Fitzgerald | Author of the Lost Generation- wrote "This Side of Paradise" (1920) and "The Great Gatsby" (1925) |
| William Faulkner | Southern author of the 1920s-1930s from Mississippi- author of "The Sound and the Fury" (1929) and "Absalom, Absalom" (1936) |
| Sinclair Lewis | Critic of small-town, middle class life in the 1920s- author of "Main Street" (1920) and "Babbitt" (1923) |
| H.L. Mencken | Satirist- editor of the "Baltimore Sun"- famous for his satire of the Scopes Monkey Trial |
| Franklin Delano Roosevelt | POTUS during the Depression- New Deal. Polio. Longest serving POTUS (1933-1945). His presidency saw the largest increase in the size of the government (New Deal and WWII). Foreign policy- kept the U.S. out of WWII until Pearl Harbor, did a masterful job of managing the WWII effort |
| John Maynard Keynes | British economist who believed in deficit spending to stimulate the economy during the Depression, his name became synonymous with this idea- "Keynesian economics"- the philosophy behind FDR's New Deal philosophy |
| Harry Hopkins | Prominent member of FDR's inner-circle, head of the Works Progress Administration (WPA) and other New Deal agencies |
| Upton Sinclair | Socialist who wrote "The Jungle" (1906)- unsuccessfully ran for governor of California during the Great Depression- under his "End Poverty in California" (EPIC) campaign which had socialist goals |
| Dr. Francis Townsend | Critic of FDR who called for a plan to help older people by giving them $200 a month provided they spend it- basically called for Social Security |
| Father Charles Coughlin | Critic of FDR who wanted to nationalize the banks- initially a supporter of the New Deal but used his radio sermons to attack the New Deal. Pulled for the air for his anti-Semitic rants |
| Huey P. Long | Louisiana politician and critic of FDR and the New Deal- Share Our Wealth program to redistribute wealth so "every man can be a king"- nicknamed the "Kingfish"- assassinated in 1935 before he could run for POTUS in 1936 |
| John L. Lewis | Labor leader- head of the United Mine Workers, broke away from the American Federation of Labor to found the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)- emphasized industrial unionism- that all workers of a particular industry (ex: steel) organized regardless of skill |
| Frances Perkins | 1st woman to serve in a cabinet position (FDR's Secretary of Labor)- had led reform movements in the wake of the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911) |
| Eleanor Roosevelt | FDR's wife- very active and was her husband's "eyes and ears" as she went constantly on fact-finding missions |
| John Collier | FDR's head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs- head of the "Indian New Deal"- emphasized Native American cultural identity and end of forced assimilation |
| Joseph Stalin | Took over the USSR after Lenin's death in 1924, extremely paranoid- eliminated rivals such as Trotsky and purges- but did rapidly industrialize the USSR- allied with the U.S./Britain during WWII because of common enemy (Hitler)- insisted on a second front being opened in France because the USSR was bearing the brunt of the war |
| Benito Mussolini | Fascist leader of Italy, invaded Ethiopia in 1935, allied with Nazi Germany during World War II |
| Adolf Hitler | Leader of the Nazi Party- took control of Germany in 1933. Called for Germany to regain areas lost in the Treaty of Versailles and gain lebensraum for Germany. The "Final Solution"- extermination of the Jews and other untermenchen, started WWII, suicide on 30 April 1945 led to quick end of the war |
| Francisco Franco | Fascist leader of Spain- assisted by Italy and Germany in the Spanish Civil War against the Loyalists. However did not ally with those two nations during WWII- remained neutral. |
| Neville Chamberlain | Prime Minister of Great Britain- known for appeasing Hitler before World War II- especially his role at the Munich Conference (September 1938)- "I have in my hand peace in our time." |
| Winston Churchill | Replaced Chamberlain as Prime Minister of Great Britain- dogged resistance against Germany during the Battle of Britain, one of the "Big 3"- most reluctant to open up a second front in France |
| William Allen White | Kansas newspaper editor- leading member of the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies |
| Robert A. Taft | Republican Senator- one of the leading champions of isolationism before World War II- member of the America First Committee |
| Wendell Willkie | Republican candidate in 1940- had few philosophical differences from FDR and was able to really only campaign on the fact FDR was running for a third term |
| Henry J. Kaiser | Legendary shipbuilder during World War II- "Sir Launce-a lot"- builder of "Liberty Ships" |
| A. Philip Randolph | Civil rights leader- head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters- threatened a march on Washington D.C. during WWII if FDR did not integrate defense plants --> FDR issued Executive Order 8802 |
| Harry Truman | Missouri politician chosen as FDR's running mate in 1944. Became POTUS when FDR died on 12 April 1945. Met with Stalin at Potsdam (July 1945) and made the decision to drop the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki- had to deal with the beginning of the Cold War |
| Dwight D. Eisenhower | Supreme Commander of Allied Forces in Western Europe. Commanded the invasion of Normandy (D-Day) and the push east to Berlin |
| Chester A. Nimitz | Admiral in the Pacific- most responsible for the "island hopping" campaign across the Central Pacific to close in on Japan |
| Albert Einstein | Jewish refugee from Europe- physicist who urged the U.S. to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans could- later regretted his role because he was a pacifist |
| J. Robert Oppenheimer | Scientist who was in charge of the Manhattan Project to build the atomic bomb |
| Leslie Groves | Military official who was in charge of the Manhattan Project to build the atomic bomb |
