| A | B |
|---|
| nutrients | the subsatnces that an organism needs for energy, growth, repair, or maintenance |
| nutrition | the process by which organisms take in food and break it down so it can be used for metabolism |
| feces | undigested and indigestible food material that is solidified in the large intestine and then eliminated |
| appendix | small, finger-like pouch found where the small intestine joins the large intestine |
| gall bladder | organ that stores bile produced by the liver |
| bile | fluid secretion of liver cells that aids in the breakdown of fats |
| villi | small, finger-like projections of the lining of the small intestine |
| lacteals | small lymph vessels found in the center of a villus |
| saliva | secretion of the salivary glands |
| gizzard | thick-walled organ that crushes food released from the crop |
| crop | thin-walled organ that temporarily stores food from the esophagus; found in earthworm and grasshopper |
| gullet | in the paramecium; where food particles enter the cell |
| rectum | structure in which feces is stored prior to elimination |
| liver | organ that secretes bile and removes toxic substances from the blood |
| epiglottis | flap of tissue that covers the trachea during swallowing |
| peristalsis | alternate waves of contraction and relaxation in the walls of the alimentary canal |
| pepsin | protein-digesting enzyme in gastric juice |
| salivary glands | glands that secrete saliva into the mouth |
| stomach | organ of the digestive tract in which food is temporarily stored and partially digested |
| pancreas | organ that secretes digestive juice, insulin, and glucagon |
| salivary amylase | enzyme in saliva that hydrolyzes starch into maltose |
| sphincter | ring of muscle that acts as a valve |
| gastric juice | digestive secretions of glands in the stomach; contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin |
| chyme | thin, soupy liquid produced from food by the stomach |
| small intestine | part of the digestive tract where most chemical digestion and almost all absorption occurs |
| typhlosole | fold in the intestinal wall of the earthworm; increases surface area of the intestine |
| esophagus | tube that is the passageway from the mouth to the stomach |
| pharynx | throat |
| alimentary canal | the digestive tube |
| gastrovascular cavity | internal body cavity of the hydra |
| anal pore | opening through which indigestible wastes are ejected from a paramecium |
| digestion | the breakdown of complex food materials into simpler forms that an organism can use |
| absorption | passage of materials across a cell membrane |
| calorie | amount of heat that will raise 1 g of water 1 degree Celsius |
| vitamins | organic molecules required in the diet; act as coenzymes |
| autotroph | organisms that make their own food from inorganic substances |
| heterotroph | organisms that cannot synthesize their own food, and must obtain it "ready-made" |
| fiber | indigestible material, such as cellulose, found in the cell walls of fruits |
| minerals | chemical elements that organisms need for normal functioning |
| oral groove | the opening in the paramecium throough which food is ingested |
