| A | B |
|---|
| seismic wave | earthquake waves that travel through the Earth |
| 3 layers of Earth | crust, mantle, outer core, inner core |
| lithosphere | crust & upper mantle; what plates are made up of |
| radiation | heat/energy transfer through space |
| conduction | heat/energy transfer between materials that are touching |
| convection | heat/energy transfer by currents in a fluid (liquid or gas); how heat transfer occurs in mantle & core; and cause of plate movements |
| Theory of Plate Tectonics | explains the formation & movement of the Earth's plates |
| Pangaea | supercontinent, when continents were all connected millions of years ago |
| Wegener | came up with idea/hypothesis that the continents were once joined together |
| divergent boundary | when 2 plates are moving apart |
| convergent boundary | when 2 plates are moving towards each other |
| transform boundary | when 2 plates are slipping past each other in opposite directions |
| mid-ocean ridge | undersea mountain chain where new ocean floor is produced |
| rift valley | a deep valley that forms where 2 plates move apart |
| sea-floor spreading | sea floor spreads apart along both sides of a mid-ocean ridge as new crust is added |
| subduction | ocean floor sinks beneath another plate and into the mantle |
| trench | where subduction occurs |
| geothermal energy | water heated by magma/Earth, provides an energy source |
| fault | a break in the rock of the crust where rock surfaces slip past each other |
| focus | area beneath Earth's surface where the earthquake occurs (rock breaks) |
| epicenter | point on the surface directly above the focus |
| magma | molten material that is still inside the Earth |
| lava | molten material that reaches the Earth's surface |
| Ring of Fire | major volcanic belt that rims the Pacific Ocean |
| hot spot | area where material from deep within the mantle rises and then melts (Hawaiian Islands, Yellowstone) |
