| A | B |
|---|
| What is a living thing's adjustment to a stimulus called? | adaptation/response |
| What happens when an organism develops? | structural change |
| What is information gathered from experiments called? | data |
| How do you test a hypothesis? | with an experiment |
| What is a theory? | an explanation of a natural phenomenon supported by a large amount of scientific evidence obtained from many different experiments or observations |
| What is a hypothesis? | an educated guess |
| How is quantitative research recorded? | numbers or measurements |
| What is the difference between quantitative and descriptive data? | numbers:words or thoughts |
| What part of an experiment keeps all conditionsconstant? | control group |
| What are the four major organic polymers? | carbohydrates, lipids, protiens, nucleic acids |
| How are polymers made and broken down? | made:add one molecule of water brokendown: subtract one molecule of water |
| How many electrons can carbon share? | 4 |
| What is a compound? | a substance composed of atoms of different elements chemicaly combined |
| Where are electrons found? | electron clouds |
| Chlorine has an atomic number 17. What happens to make a chlorine ion? | gains one; sodium gives one electron to chlorine and opposite charges hold them together |
| What are the monomers of protiens? | amino acids |
| What property of water makes it able to dissolve ionic and molecular compounds? | hydrogen bonds, polar |
| What organic class do enzymes belong to? | protiens |
| What are isomers? | same molecular formula, but different arrangement |
| What pH is seen for a strong acid? Strong base? | strong acid:0/strong base:14 |
| What are isotopes? | same atomic # different atomic mass |
| How many electrons are in each of the first three energy levels? | 1. (2) 2. (8) 3. (18) |
| What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated lipids? | saturated: only single bonds/unsaturated: at least one double bound |
| What element is found in protiens, but not in carbohydrates or lipids? | nitrogen |
| What is the result of diffusion? (whatis eleminated?) | movement of particles from increased concentration to decreased concentration, concentration gradient |
| How are folded membranes an advantage for a cell? | compartmentalization due to specialization |
| What makes up all living things? | cells |
| Whatare the parts of the cell theory? | 1. cells are the basic unit of life 2. living things are made from cells 3. cells comefrom other cells |
| Who first described cells? | Hooke |
| What is the difference between eukariotic and prokariotic cells? | eukariotic: true cells (have nuclear envelopes, membranes)/ prokariotic: most primitive type |
| Whatare the stacks of sacs in chloroplast called? | grana |
| What specific structure of cell membranes, and arrangement of molecules? | bilayer of phospholipids, polar head, simipermiable membrane |
| What is the major charachteristics and function of a cell membrane? | controls what enters and leaves |
| In what direction will water move if a cell is placed in a hypotinic, hypertonic, ot isotonic solution? | concentration is less lower # is situation/ concentration is higher/ concentration of solutes are equal |
| What are types of passive transport? | facilitated transport |
| What is active transport? | membrane "pumps": use energy to go against (up) a concentration gradient; use carrier protiens, gluecose storage |
| What happens when a plant loses turgor pressure? | plasmolysis: the plant begins to wilt |
| What is osmosis? | the diffusion of water molecules througha selectively permeabel membrane from an area of higher water conventration to an area of lower water concentration |
| What are some causes of cancer? | heredity, chemicals, radiation, viruses |
| What makes up the backbone of DNA molecules? | deoxyribose (or) nucleotides |
| What are the parts of a nucleotide? | C,H,N,O, Phosphate |
| What is a gene? | a segment of DNA located on the chromosome; directs the protein production that controls the cell cycle |
| What does the cell cycle include? | interphase and mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase telophase) |
| What are the differences between plant and animal cells? | animalcells have centrioles and many small vaculoles, plant cells have chloroplast, cell walls, one big vacole |
| Why is a cell's size limited? | if the cell gets too big the plasma membrane would not have enough surface area through which oxygen, nutrients and waste diffuse |
| What is the longest phase of a cells cycle? (not mitosis) | interphase |
| What events happen is prophase? | chromatin (uncoiled phase)condenses around Histones (protien beads) into chromosomes, consist of chromatids (replicated strands) connected by a centromere, nuclioli and nuclear envelope disappear, in animal cells centrioles move towards poles, chromosomes attatch to spindle fibers. |
| What is a centromere? | small dark structures made of micro tubules; located outside nucleous |
| What molecule traps energy in plants? | chlorophyl |
| What does the Calvin cycle yeild? Light dependant reactions? | one gluecose molecule, H2O, NADPH, ATP |
| What is the final electronacceptor in respiration? | O2 |
| Where specifically is chlorophyll located? | choloroplasts on membranes in the cytoplasm of photosynthetic bacteria |
| How is energy released from ATP? | third phosphate is released and becomes ADP |
| What is the equation for photosynthesis? | 6 CO2 + 12 H2O -----> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H20 |
| Why do leaves appear green? | pigment or chemicals that absorb light and reflect gree (Chlorophyll) |
| What does crossing over result in? | a new cimbination of alleles, genetic variation |
| What is represented along the sides of a Punnett square? | the gametes of the parents |
| What does the law of segregation say about the number of alleles passed to offspring? | a parent passes one allele for each trait |
| What types of chromosomes are needed in order for independant assortment to work? | nonholmologus |
| What does it mean to be diploid? Haploid? | a copy of each type of chromosome; half # of chromosomes; (2n/n) |
| What are the odds of having a boy child? | 1:2 |
| How do you determine phenotype? | description |
| What process produces gametes? Joins gametes? | mitosis; fertilization |
| If a homozygous dominant (R) rooster mates with a recessive hen, what will the F1 offspring be like? F2? | all hybrid (dominate); 1:2:1; 3dom:1 recessive |
| What allele combinations could occur in a gamete formed from a BbDd cell? | BD;Bd;bD;bd |
| What accounts for recombination? | independant assortment linked genes |
| What are the complementary base pairs in DNA? | A-T; G-C |
| Who suggested that DNA is a double helix? | Watson and Crick |
| What is a palindrome? | can be read both forward and backward |
| Define chromosomal deletion, inversion, translocation, nondisjubction. | occur when part of a chromosome is left out; occur when a part of the chromatid breaks off and attatches to the sister chromatid. The result is a duplication of genes on the same chromosome; occur when part of one chromosome breaks off and is added to a different chromosome; the failure of homologus chromosomes to seperate properly during meiosis |
| What parts of nucleotides pair up when DNA is replicated? | complementary bases |
| Define DNA replication, transcription, translation. | ? |
| Where does translation take place? | ribosomes |
| See the pic on pg. 323 for translation and know its basic parts. | ? |
| What molecules transport amino acids to ribosomes? | t-RNA |
| What molecule travels from the nucleus to the cytoplasm for translation? | m-RNA |
| What type of mutation is seen here: aattagaaa to attagaaa? | deletion or frameshift |
| If a hybrid red eye (R) female fly mates with a white eyed male fly, what will the offspring look like? | 2 dominate: 2 recessive |
| What type of inheritance is shown when red and white parents produce pink offspring? | incomplete dominance |
| What are multiple alleles? | traits controlled by more than 2 alleles |
| What is the 23rd pair of chromosomes? | sex chromosomes |
| What is the cause, and effect, of having Hunnington's disease? | autosomal dominate alleles; degeneration of nervous system |
| What kind of trait is hemophilia and what causes it? | sexlinked |
| Be able to read a pedigree. | ? |
| Define polygenic inheritance and recognize graphical info about it. | trait produced by many genterations |
| Recognize an example of a testcross. | ? |
| How is Cystic Fibrosis is inherited | recessive autosomes |
| Genetic disorders that could be detected by karyotyping. | down syndrome, klinesfelter, turner |
| What is codominance? | able to see both traits |
| Be able to work an incomplete dominance problem. | ? |
| What is PKU? | point mutation that results in faulty gene |
| What type of inheritance is blood type? | multiple allele |
| What type of inheritance are red-green color blindness and hemophilia? | sex linked |
| How would you write a heterozygous genotype? | Hh |
| What offspring result from a mating of a homozygous dominant black organism with a homozygous white organism? | Hybrid Db black |
| What are alternate forms or genes located on homologous chromosomes called? | alleles |
| A hybrid A man marries a hybrid B woman. What is the chance there that a child will have O blood? | 1/4 |
| What are the symptoms of sickle-cell anemia? | less oxygen |
| What is gel electrophoresis used for? | seperate DNA strands |
| What is genetic engineering? | matching of DNA of 2 people |
| How would you clone a small amount of DNA in order to get a lot of copies? | recombinate DNA (human DNA with plasmid) |
| What is a transgenic organism? | organism containing recombinate DNA |
| What are the basic stepsn in making a transgenic organism? | human DNA placed in plasmid, clones |
| What gases were in the primitive Earth's atmosphere? | NH3, CH4, H2 |
| What was the purpose of the miller-urey experiment? | to test Oparin's hypothesis one gas with energy could create an organism |
| What is the approximate age of the earth? | 4.5 billion |
| Why are the differences in monkey species on different continents maintained? | geographic isolation |
| During what era did humans evolve? | cenozoic |
| Where are fossils found, and how are they formed? | sedimentarty rock layering and composition |
| WHat can you conclude when finding fish fossils under plant fossils? | fish came before the plant |
| How did the first prokaryotes get their food? | fermentation |
| How is relative dating of fossils determined? | layers of fossils appear with the oldest at the bottom and youngest at the top |
| What is divergent evolution? | suggests similar ancestry common species becomes different |
| What is convergent evolution? | not related but has similar features |
| Account for why descendants of insects subjected to a pesticide are immune to the usual dose. | the parents were immune and hry passed on the gene |
| What is the difference between homologous and analogous structures? | same structure different function |
| What are vestigial structures? | structures once used now dormant |
| What are the differences between stabilizing, directional, and disruptive selection? | favors average; favors one extreme over the other; favors both extreme against the middle |
| What is natural selection? | differencial reproduction success |
| What provides for variations needed for the origin of structural adaptions to occur? | mutations in new genes |
| What are the main parts of Darwin's theory? | variation, overpopulation, competition due to variation, selection |
| What are the causes of changes in homozygous and heterozygous individuals (allele frequencies) ? | genetic drift, nutation, migration, selection, lack of random mating |
| Where is the foramen magnum located in apes verses humans? | in the back, base of the head |
| What primates are most like humans? | hominids |
| What are examples of prosimians? What do they represent? | lemur; the least advanced |
| What was the first hominid to use tools | H. habilis |
| What is the earliest primate fossil? | purgatorius |
| Where have most hominid fossils been found? | Africa |
| What is the oldest hominid species? | Australopithecenes |
| What hominids were known for cave paintings? | cro-magnon man |
| What hominid was known for fire? | H. erectus |
| How is water cycled between abiotic and biotic parts of a biosphere? | abiotic: condensation--->precipitation----->evaporation |
| Hoe is nitrogen released to the environment? | detrifing bacteria |
| How is carbon dioxide removed from the air in the carbon cycle? | photosynthesis |
| What is mutualism? | symbiotic relationship verticle to both species |
| What is the difference between an organism's habitat and its niche? | habitat is where it lives, niche is what they do int the habitat |
| Define community, population, and ecosystem and know how they relate to each other. | community- several interrelating populations in environment; population- same time same place, able to reproduce ecosystem; ecosystem- biotic and abiotic factors |
| How does energy cyle through a food chain? | plants take in energy from the sun --> animals eat plants and other animals |
| What happens to the amount of energy available in a food chain as it cycles? | 90% or less at each level |
| Know the relationships between producers and consumers and feeding levels. | producers, herbivores, carnivores, scavengers, and decomposers (detrivores) |
| Define secondary versus primary succesion. What kind of community do at the end? | Primary-environment with no communtiy before; secondary- disaster, start over but not from zero; climax community |
| Distinguish between density dependant and indpendant factors.limiting factors | density dependant |
| Know the varius age structures for developed and developing countries. | developed- almost even distribution among population; developing (Rapidly)- the majority in reproducing and reproductive years |
| What kind of envinonment is needed for an organism that reproduces slowly? | stable environment |
| Know curve shapes of population | s curve- exponential and levels of b/c climate |
| What is carrying capacity? | maximum population size that environment can support |
| What is the major focus of conservation? | present habitat |
| What is biodiversity? | different lifestyles and environment and resources affect it |
| What ate the causes of acid rain? | Pollution, (SO2, NO) |
| Know how to calculate growth. | ? |
| Be able to recognise safty symbols. | ? |
| Be able to recognise pictures of stages of the cell cycle. | ? |
