| A | B |
|---|
| language | spoken, written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning |
| Major organs needed for language | brain, voice box, lungs, eyes, ears, mouth |
| phonemes | the smallest distinctive sound units |
| morphemes | smallest unnit that carries meaning |
| grammar | a system of rules that enable us to communicate and understand others |
| semantics | (study of meaning) set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences |
| syntax | rules for combining words into grammatically correct sentences |
| common universals | common words end up getting shortened |
| By 4 months | infants can read lips and discern human speech |
| after 4 months | babbling stage (baby utters sounds) |
| 10 months | language of the house is determinable form babys speech |
| 1st birthday | one word stage |
| When does deafness occur form other languages in unilingual houses | 10 months |
| 2nd birthday | 2 word stage, telegraphic speech |
| telegraphic speech | speech using nouns and adjectives |
| Skinners belief on speech | limitation, association, parental reinforcement of words lead to speech |
| noam chomsky says | language is inevitable but guided by parents and teachers |
| Chomsky learning languages | language acquisition device (helps us learn languagaes, its already in our head we just have to activate it) |
| pruning | when the brain gets rid of unused nueron connections |
| linguistic determinism | language determines the way we think (Whorf) (should use influece instead of determines) |
| visualization | if you think you'll play good, in the game you'll play better than normal |
| 5 Shared cognitive skills | form Concepts, Display insight, use Tools, Transmit cultural innovations, have a Theory of mind |
| heritability | proportion of variation among individuals that can be attriubted to genes |
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale | 16+ year old |
| Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Childeren | 16- age |
| The bell curve | average score 11, standard deviatoin 15 |
| social construction | a concept, practice, behavior, or belief system of a particular group |
| IQ tests and simila tests designed to | group people |
| Stereotype threat | a self-confirming concern that one will be judged based on a neagtive stereotype |
| Sigmund Freud | linked everyday psych. isssues with sexual conflicts, said that if in a dream you enter a tunnel you're thinking about sex |
| Alfred Kinsey | said most women and men masturbate and for women they should masturbate before marraige so they have better post-marital orgasms |
| William Masters & Virginia Johnson | watched people have sex, found that sexual behavior is widely varied, used plethysmograph |
| Plethysmograph | measured sexual arousal |
| women to orgasm | 18-20 min |
| women refractory period | 2-3 minutes |
| men to orgasm | 2-3 minutes |
| men refractory | 18-20 minutes |
| womens ferility | 28 day cycle |
| BioPsychoSocial Model for sex | Bio: sexual matuiry, sex hormones, orientation...Psycho-exposure to stimulation, fantasies....Socio- family, society, religion, personal values |
| plasticity | ability to move on the kenzie sexual orientation scale |
| KENZIE sexual orientation scale | gay---bi----straight |
| fact | women have greater plasicity |
| Melanesians require | homosexuality |
| Diathesis stress model | everyone is born with some gay tendency, but have to be exposed to enough environmental influence to be gay |
| we share ___% genes with chimpanzees | 96% |
| we have ___ chromosomes | 46 |
| Jim & Jim | Identical twins, separated, grew up apart, yet still VERY similar (Bouchard) |
| Temperament | a persons characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity |
| Tabula Rasa Theory | (JOHN LOCKE) he thought kids started with a blank slate and he could raise a child to be anything |
| As environmental similarities increase, heredity | as a source of differences becomes more important |
| genes can be activated... | by different environmental stimuli |
| genes can determine | which environments we choose to expose ourselves to |
| evocative interactions | the way we act effects the way others acroun us act |
| evolutionary psychology | person who studies the evoution of behavior and the mind using principles of natural selection (hard to disprove) |
| Natural selection | increase in traits that increas reproductive fitness will most likely be passed down to succeeding generations |
| Clark & Hatfield | sent avg. looking men to quadrangle at FSU to ask women to have sex, none accepted but all men were eager to participate |
| rat research | impoverished and enriched environments |
| brain is not effected by environmental factors (true or false) | FALSE |
| Parents are likely to affect childrens | education, discipline, responsibility |
| peers are likely to affect childrens | leanring cooperation, social skills, discovering popularity |
| culture | enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
| Norms | an understood rule for accepted & expected behavior |
| individualism | giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining identity in terms of personal attributes |
| collectivism | giving priority to the goals of ones group |
| sex | determined by the chromosomes and some by the 'look of the packaging' |
| gender | sense of being femal or male |
| gender typing | the acquisition of a stereotypical masculine or feminine role |
| Gender Schema Theory | theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male of female and they adjust their behavior accordingly |
| instinct | a complex behavior must have fixed pattern throughout a species and be unlearned |
| drive-reduction thoery | the idea that a phsyiological need creates an aroused tension state that motivates an orgasm to satisfy the need |
| homeostatis | the mantenance of a steady internal state |
| incentives | positive or negative stimuli that repel or lure us |
| Heirarchy of needs | (maslow) first--> last...physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, self-actualizaiton needs |
