| A | B |
|---|
| Activation-Synthesis Theory of Dreams | According to Hobson & McCarley. Activation--during a dream, the pons generates bursts of action potentials to the forebrain. Synthesis--creation of a storyline by which the dreamer makes sense of the stimulation. |
| Addiction (Physiological Dependence) | Blood chemistry changes due to taking a drug necessitate taking the drug again to prevent withdrawal symptoms. include intense craving for the drug and effects opposite to those the drug usually induces, such as shaking (tremors), nausea, even seizures. |
| Alcohol | Most studied depressant, acts on RAS, spinal cord, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and neurotransmitter systems. Low doses--relaxes, lowers inhibitions. Low doses--relaxes, lowers inhibitions. Medium--makes drowsy, slurs speech. High--vomiting, depressed breathing, unconsciousness, coma, even death. |
| Circadian Rhythms | Daily patterns of changes in sleep and wakefulness, blood pressure, body temperature, pulse, blood sugar levels, hormonal levels, activity. Hypothalamus regulates biological clock. Jet lag involves disruption of rhythms. |
| Consciousness | Your awareness of the outside world and of yourself, including your own mental processes, thoughts, feelings, and perceptions; selective, subjective, unique to you, central to sense of self, always changing; one of Freud's levels of mind. EEGs show alpha and beta waves. |
| Daydreaming | State of consciousness with focus on inner, private realities, which can generate creative ideas. |
| Depressants | Psychoactive drugs that reduce the activity of the CNS and induce relaxation. Sedatives (examples: barbiturates) induce sleep and prevent seizures. Alcohol--most widely used depressant. |
| Freudian Theory of Dreams | Dreams are a safety valve for unconscious desires. Manifest content--the remembered storyline of a dream. Latent content--the underlying meaning of a dream. |
| Hallucinogens (Psychedelics) | Diverse group of psychoactive drugs that alter moods, distort perceptions, and evoke hallucinations. Examples: LSD, PCP (phencyclidine), THC (marijuana), psilocybin from mushrooms, mescaline (Peyote). |
| Hypnosis | State of consciousness characterized by deep relaxation and heightened suggestibility. Hidden observer-part of consciousness that monitors behavior according to Hilgard, giving evidence for dissociation of consciousness during hypnosis. |
| Meditation | State of consciousness achieved by set of techniques used to focus concentration away from thoughts and feelings to create calmness, tranquility, and inner peace. Seems to activate parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). |
| Narcotics | Psychoactive drugs that reduce pain (analgesics) by depressing CNS. opiates codeine, heroin, morphine and synthetics in Vicodin and Oxycontin. Can induce feelings of euphoria similar to endorphins and induce sleep. |
| Preconscious | Level of consciousness outside of awareness, but contains feelings and memories that can easily be brought to conscious awareness. One of 3 of Freud's levels of mind. |
| Psychoactive Drug | A chemical that can pass through the blood-brain barrier to alter perception, thinking, behavior, and mood. Psychoactive drugs include depressants, narcotics, stimulants, and hallucinogens. |
| Psychological Dependence | Person has an intense desire to achieve the drugged state in spite of adverse effects. When a drug is taken repeatedly, intensity of effects produced by dose may decrease; decreasing responsivity is called tolerance. |
| REM Sleep (Rapid Eye Movement Sleep) | Sleep stage when eyes dart about, 80% dreaming, 5 to 6 times each night (20% of sleep time); called paradoxical sleep because EEGs are similar to stage 1 and wakefulness, but deep sleep with muscles paralyzed; nightmares--frightening dreams. Non-REM sleep--sleep stages 1-4. |
| Reticular Formation or Reticular Activating System (RAS) | Neural network in brainstem (medulla and pons) and midbrain essential to the regulation of sleep, wakefulness, arousal, and attention. |
| Sleep | Complex combination of states of consciousness (Stages 1-4 + REM). Stage 1--quick stage with gradual loss of responsiveness, hypnagogic state; theta. Stage 2--50% of sleep time; EEGs show high-frequency sleep spindles, K complexes. Stages 3, 4--deep sleep; delta waves. |
| Sleep Disorders | Insomnia--inability to fall or stay asleep. Narcolepsy--sudden and uncontrollable lapse into sleep (usually REM). Sleep apnea--temporary cessations of breathing that awaken the sufferer frequently. Sleepwalking (somnambulism) and night terrors--usually in children in stage 4. |
| Stimulants | Psychoactive drugs that activate motivational centers and reduce activity in inhibitory centers of CNS. Examples: cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, and amphetamines ("meth," Ecstasy, Ephedra). Ritalin used to treat hyperactivity. Treat people with narcolepsy and ADHD. |
| Unconscious (Subconscious) | Level of consciousness that includes often unacceptable feelings, wishes, and thoughts not directly available to conscious awareness; 1 of Freud's levels. Different from nonconscious that is devoted to processes completely inaccessible to conscious awareness. |
