| A | B |
|---|
| the domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region | imperialism |
| a region in which a local ruler was left in place but expected to follow the advice of European advisors on issues such as trade or missionary activity | protectorate |
| an area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges | sphere of influence |
| scholar who inspired resistance against corruption and European control; began an Islamic revival in northern Nigeria | Usman dan Fodio |
| military leader of the Zulu who united his people, setting off a series of wars in southern Africa | Shaka |
| governing a country as a father would a child | paternalistic |
| an African explorer and missionary who hoped to open the African interior to trade and Christianity to end slavery | Dr. David Livingstone |
| American journalist who trekked across Africa and “found” Dr. Livingstone in 1871 | Henry Stanley |
| king of Belgium who set off a scramble among European powers for African colonies in the late 1800s | King Leopold II |
| 1899–1902; a war in which the British defeated Dutch Boers in South Africa | Boer War |
| leader of forces fighting the French in West Africa | Samori Touré |
| queen of the Asante who led her people’s battle against the British in West Africa | Yaa Asanewaa |
| woman who led the Shona of Zimbabwe against the British until her capture and execution | Nehanda |
| reforming leader who tried to modernize Ethiopia, allowing it to avoid colonial takeover | Menelik II |
| upper class | elite |
| a Sudanese man who announced he was the Mahdi, setting off resistance to British expansion in northern Africa | Muhammad Ahmad |
| a Muslim savior of the faith | Mahdi |
| provincial ruler in the Ottoman empire | pasha |
| a Muslim ruler | sultan |
| a deliberate attempt to destroy a cultural, racial, or political group | genocide |
| father of modern Egypt; expanded cotton production, encouraged development, increases participation in world trade, and invited Western military experts to Egypt to help build a well-trained, modern army | Muhammad Ali |
| special right given to a foreign power, such as the right to drill for oil or export minerals | concession |
| Hindu custom that called for a widow to join her husband in death by throwing herself on his funeral fire | sati |
| Indian soldier hired by the British East India Company | sepoy |
| British official who ruled in India in the name of the queen | viceroy |
| the destruction of forest land | deforestation |
| Indian reformer who founded Hindu University in Calcutta; sought to reform but not replace Indian culture | Ram Mohun Roy |
| the isolation of women into separate quarters | purdah |
| the difference between how much a country imports and how much it exports | balance of trade |
| situation in which a country exports more than it imports | trade surplus |
| situation in which a country imports more than it exports | trade deficit |
| a war that took place in 1839 when China outlawed opium and clashed with British merchants selling it in China; British gunboats easily defeated the Chinese | Opium War |
| payment for losses in a war | indemnity |
| the right of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation | extraterritoriality |
| a massive peasant uprising against corruption in the Qing dynasty; between 1850 and 1864, 20 to 30 million may have perished | Taiping Rebellion |
| real or concrete | tangible |
| the 1899 United States policy demanding open trade in China | Open Door Policy |
| the young emperor who attempted to bring reform to the Qing dynasty | Guang Xu |
| anti-foreign movement in China from 1898-1900 | Boxer Uprising |
| also known as Sun Yat-sen; named first president of new Chinese republic in 1911 | Sun Yixian |
| the U.S. Navy commodore who led a fleet of ships into Tokyo Bay in 1853 and demanded that Japan open its ports | Matthew Perry |
| the new “eastern capital” named in 1867, when Emperor Mutsuhito was restored to power and took the name Meiji | Tokyo |
| the reign of Emperor Meiji, which lasted from 1868 to 1912, during which Japan learned about the West and modernized | Meiji Restoration |
| a legislature | diet |
| powerful banking and industrial families of Japan | zaibatsu |
| a society in which all people share a common culture and language | homogeneous society |
| a war between Japan and China that broke out in 1894 due to competition between the two powers in Korea | First Sino-Japanese War |
| a war between Russia and Japan which began in 1904 and in which Japan gained control of Korea and rights in parts of Manchuria | Russo-Japanese War |
| French holdings in mainland Southeast Asia, including Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia | French Indochina |
| the king of Siam who ruled from 1851 to 1868 and was able to make agreements to avoid becoming a European colony | Mongkut |
| the 1893 war between Spain and the United States, which resulted in the United States taking control of the Philippines | Spanish-American War |
| the Hawaiian queen overthrown by American planters in 1893 | Liliuokalani |
| unification | confederation |
| a self-governing nation | dominion |
| people of mixed Native American and French Canadian descent | métis |
| original; earliest people inhabiting a land | indigenous |
| a place where convicted criminals are sent to be punished | penal colony |
| the indigenous people of New Zealand | Maori |
| loyalty to a local area | regionalism |
| a local strongman who assembled a private army in Latin America to resist the central government | caudillo |
| a liberal reformer in Mexico of Zapotec Indian heritage who gained power with other liberals and began an era of reform | Benito Juárez |
| an era of reform in Mexico that began in 1855 | La Reforma |
| a system in which landowners gave workers advances on their wages and required them to stay on the hacienda until they paid back what they owed | peonage |
| a policy issued by President Monroe in 1823 that forbade European intervention in the Americas | Monroe Doctrine |
| a passage through Panama connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans that greatly increased trade | Panama Canal |
