| A | B |
|---|
| Addition | DNA transcription includes an extra base |
| Allopolyploidy | Where an organism's cells contain three or more times the haploid number, resulting from mating between two different species |
| Amphiploidy | A hybrid which has a complete diploid set of chromosomes from each parent |
| Aneuploidy | The number of chromosomes is not an exact multiple of the haploid |
| Autopolyploidy | Where an organism's cells contain three or more times the haploid number, resulting from mating between a single species |
| Chromosome mutation | A mutation which affects the structure of the karyotype |
| Deletion | Caused by the loss of a base during transcription |
| Duplication | A segment of DNA is lost from one chromosome and added to its homologous pair |
| Euploidy | Having an exact multiple of the haploid number of chromosomes |
| Frame shift | The addition or removal of a base causes all codons to be shifted, causing a massive change in resulting proteins |
| Gametic | A mutation which occurs in the reproductive cells |
| Gene mutation | A small, localised change in the DNA sequence |
| Insertion | A type of mutation where a base is added to a DNA molecule |
| Inversion | Genetic material is not gained or lost, but a section is copied in reverse order |
| Monosomy | Form of aneuploidy where there is only one chromosome instead of a pair |
| Non-disjunction | Failure of chromosome pairs to separate |
| Polyploidy | The condition of having a chromosome compliment of more than 2n |
| Polysomy | Having more than one pair of a particular set of chromosomes |
| Somatic | A mutation which occurs in body cells |
| Spontaneous Mutation | Also referred to as a background mutation. Mutations in nature occur at a specied specific rate, which can be used as a measure of evolutionary time. |
| Induced mutation | In order to study mutations, biologists are able to increase their rate of occurance by using carcinogens |
| Substitution | Where one base is replaced with another |
| Syndrome | A group of symptoms which occur together, which usually indicate a disease |
| Translocation | A section of a chromosome is moved to a different chromosome pair |
| Trisomy | Where one chromosome pair is represented by three chromosomes |
| Barr Body | Where an X chromosome condenses to form a visible piece of chromatin |
