| A | B |
|---|
| Chromosomes | Major carriers of genetic information, lie within the cell nucleus |
| Chromatin | Material consisting of DNA and associated proteins |
| Histones | Certain proteins by which chromosome packaging is facilitated by |
| Scaffolding proteins | Nonhistone proteins that help maintain chromosome structure |
| M phase | Involves 2 main processes, mitosis and cytokinesis |
| Interphase | Time when no cell division is occurring, where most of the cell's life is spent |
| G1 phase | Time between the end of mitosis and the beginning of the S phase, no DNA synthesis occurs |
| S phase | DNA replicates and histone is synthesized |
| G2 phase | After S phase, increased protein synthesis occurs |
| Mitosis | Nuclear division that produces two nuclei identical to the parental nucleus |
| Centromere | Constricted region within each chromatid |
| Kinetochore | Structure formed from proteins to which microtubules can bind |
| Mitotic spindle | Separates the chromosomes during anaphase |
| Metaphase | All the cell's chromosomes align at the cell's midplate |
| Anaphase | Begins as the sister chromatids separate |
| Telophase | Characterized by the arrival of the chromosomes at the poles |
| Cell plate | Partition constructed in the equatorial region of the spindle and growing laterally toward the cell wall |
| Synapsis | "fastening together" |
| Crossing over | Process in which paired homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material |
| Chiasmata | Specific regions by which homologous chromosomes are held together |
| Metaphase I | Tetrads are aligned on the midplane |
| Anaphase I | Paired homologous chromosomes separate and move toward opposite poles |
| Telophase I | Chromatids generally decondense, nuclear envelope may reorganize, cytokinesis may occur |
| Prophase I | Homologous chromosome synapse, forming tetrads; nuclear envelope breaks down |
| Prophase II | Chromosomes condense again following a brief period of interkinesis. DNA does not replicate. |
| Metaphase II | Chromosomes line up along cell's midplane |
| Anaphase II | Sister chromatids separate, and chromosomes move to opposite poles |
| Telophase II | Nuclei formed at opposite poles of each cell. Cytokinesis occurs. |
| Somatic cells | Body cells |
| Gametogenesis | Formation of gametes |
| Spermatogenesis | Forms 4 hapoid cells for each cell that enters meiosis |
| Sporophyte generation | Multicellular diploid stage |
| Gametophyte generation | Multicellular hapoid stage |
