| A | B |
|---|
| Adaptive Coping Strategies | Productive efforts to reduce or tolerate perceived levels of stress. Include problem solving, exercising, seeking social support of friends, getting help through prayer, accepting problem. Relaxation, visualization, meditation, and biofeedback can boost immunity. |
| Affiliation Motive | Need to be with others; is aroused when people feel threatened, anxious, or celebratory. |
| Anorexia Nervosa | Eating disorder most common in adolescent females characterized by weight less than 85% of normal, abnormally restrictive food consumption, and an unrealistic body image. No matter how emaciated they become, people with anorexia still think they are fat. |
| Approach-Approach Conflicts | Situations involving two positive options, only one of which we can have. Example: You get accepted to both Harvard and Princeton and can't decide between them. |
| Approach-Avoidance Conflicts | Situations involving whether or not to choose an option that has both a positive and negative consequence or consequences. Example: If you eat a delicious dessert, it will make your mouth happy, but your pants might feel tighter. |
| Arousal Theory of Motivation | Each of us has an optimal level of arousal necessary to perform tasks, which varies with the person and the activity. Arousal is the level of alertness, wakefulness, and activation caused by activity in the central nervous system. |
| Avoidance-Avoidance Conflicts | Situations involving two negative options, one of which we must choose. Example: You need to carry a heavy suitcase through the airport or pay to check it. |
| Avoidance-Avoidance Conflicts | Situations involving two negative options, one of which we must choose. Example: You need to carry a heavy suitcase through the airport or pay to check it. |
| Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotions | The thalamus sends information to the limbic system and cerebral cortex simultaneously so that conscious experience of emotion accompanies physiological processes. We know the hypothalamus and amygdala process the sensory information. |
| Catastrophes | Unpredictable, large-scale disasters that can cause intense stress. Example: Terrorist attacks, earthquakes, floods. |
| Cognitive-Appraisal Theory of Emotions | Our emotional experience depends on our interpretation of the situation we are in. |
| Daily Hassles | Everyday annoyances are stressors that together can raise our blood pressure (b.p.), cause headaches, etc. Can lower our immunity. |
| Dimensions of Emotion | Arousal--intensity; the greater the arousal, the more intense the emotion. Valence--positive or negative quality of an emotion. Inferred from nonverbal expressive behaviors such as facial expressions, body language, and gestures. |
| Drive Reduction Theory of Motivation | Internal states of tension, such as hunger, motivate us to actions that reduce tension and bring us back to homeostasis. Need--motivated state caused by a physiological deficit. Drive--state of psychological tension, induced by a need, which motivates us. |
| Emotions | Psychological feelings that involve physiological arousal (biological component), conscious experience (cognitive component), and overt behavior (behavioral component). Basic inborn emotions include joy, fear, anger, sadness, surprise, and disgust. |
| Evolutionary Theory of Emotions | Emotions developed because of their adaptive value, allowing the organism to avoid danger and survive. |
| Extrinsic Motivation | Desire to perform an activity to obtain a reward such as money, applause, or attention. |
| Health Psychology | Subfield of psychology that looks at the relationship between psychological behavior that includes thoughts, feelings, and action and physical health. Positive psychology is a relatively new area of psychology that scientifically studies optimal human functioning to help people thrive and live fulfilling lives. |
| Hunger | Increases with stomach contractions, low blood sugar, and high insulin levels that stimulate the lateral hypothalamus; high levels of norepinephrine, GABA, and neuropeptide Y that stimulate the PVNH; sight and smell of foods, and stress. Stimulating VMH stops eating behavior. |
| Incentive Theory of Motivation | Beyond the primary motives of food, drink, and sex that push us toward a goal, secondary motives or external stimuli such as money, approval, and grades regulate and pull us toward a goal. |
| Instinct Theory of Motivation | Physical and mental instincts such as curiosity and fearfulness cause us to act. Instincts are inherited automatic species-specific behaviors. |
| Intrinsic Motivation | Desire to perform an activity for its own sake. No external reward is needed. |
| James-Lange Theory of Emotions | Conscious experience of emotion results from one's awareness of autonomic arousal. |
| Maladaptive Coping Strategies | Ineffective attempts to lessen stress that include aggression; indulging ourselves by eating, drinking, smoking, using drugs, spending money, or sleeping too much; or using defense mechanisms. |
| Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs | Arranges needs in priority from lowest level of basic biological needs to safety and security needs to belongingness and love needs to self-esteem needs to self-actualization and transcendence. Higher needs can only be realized after lower needs have been fulfilled. |
| Motive | A need or a want that causes us to act. Motivation--directs and maintains goal-directed behavior. Motivational theories explain the relationship between physiological change and emotional experiences. |
| Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflicts | Situations involving several alternative courses of action that have both positive and negative aspects. Example: A person with slow-growing cancer needs to decide whether to have surgery, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy or to watch and wait. |
| Need for Achievement | Desire to meet some internalized standard of excellence, related to productivity and success. People with high need for achievement choose moderately challenging tasks to satisfy their need. |
| Opponent-Process Theory of Emotions | Following a strong emotion, an opposing emotion counters the first emotion, lessening the experience of that emotion. On repeated occasions, the opposing emotion becomes stronger. |
| Overjustification Effect | Where promising a reward for doing something we already like to do results in us seeing the reward as the motivation for performing the task. When the reward is taken away, the behavior tends to disappear. |
| Pain | Promotes avoidance or escape behavior to eliminate causes of discomfort. |
| Physiological Motives | Primary motives such as hunger, thirst, pain, and sex influenced by biological factors, environmental factors, and learned preferences and habits. |
| Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory of Emotions | We determine an emotion from our physiological arousal, then label that emotion according to our cognitive explanation for the arousal. |
| Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome | Alarm reaction--stressor triggers increased activity of sympathetic NS. Resistance--raised temp, b.p., etc.; levels of adrenalin and coricosteroids rise. Exhaustion--weakened immune system; depression, even death. |
| Set Point | A preset natural body weight, determined by the number of fat cells in your body. |
| Sex | Necessary for survival of the species, but not the individual. Testosterone levels in humans seem related to sexual motivation in both sexes; environmental cues such as sight, odor, and touch increase motivation. |
| Sexual Orientation | Refers to the direction of an individual's sexual interest. Homosexuality--direction to same sex. Bisexuality--direction to both sexes. Heterosexuality--direction to opposite sex. |
| Sexual Response Cycle | Sexual arousal, Plateau, Orgasm, Resolution. |
| Significant Life Events | Stressful changes in our lives such as death of a loved one, marriage, starting college, a new job, etc. Holmes and Rahe's Social Readjustment Rating Scale--the greater the number and intensity of life-changing events, the greater the chance of illness the following year. |
| Social Conflict Situations | Involve being torn in different directions by opposing motives that block us from attaining a goal, leaving us feeling frustrated and stressed. Include approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, approach-avoidance, and multiple approach-avoidance conflicts. |
| Social Motives | Learned needs, such as the need for achievement and need for affiliation, that energize behavior acquired as part of growing up in a particular society or culture. |
| Stress | Both psychological and physiological reactions to stressors, such as situations, events, or stimuli that produce uncomfortable feelings or anxiety. Dystress is stress that is harmful. Eustress is stress that is helpful. |
| Thirst | Increases with mouth dryness. Shrinking of cells from loss of water and low blood volume, which stimulate the lateral hypothalamus (LH). External cues such as the sight and smell of desired fluids. |
| Type A Personalities | High achievers, competitive, impatient multitaskers who tend to walk, talk, and eat quickly. If they show anger, hostility, and cynicism, they are more likely to have heart attacks in midlife than Type B. |
| Type B Personalities | Relaxed and calm in their approach to life. Tendency to do things more slowly than Type A. |
| Yerkes-Dodson Law | There is an optimal level of arousal for performing tasks. Moderately high arousal is optimal for easy tasks; moderately low arousal is optimal for difficult tasks; moderate arousal is optimal for most average tasks. |
