| A | B |
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| Allport's Trait Theory | 3 levels of traits: ● Cardinal trait--defining trait in a few people that dominates and shapes all behavior.● Central trait--general characteristic; 5-10 shape much of our behavior. ● Secondary trait--apparent in only certain situations. |
| Anal Stage of Development | Freud's second stage; ages 1-3. ● Pleasure from holding in or letting go of feces; conflict is toilet training.● Anal-retentive personalities are orderly, obsessively neat, stingy, stubborn. Anal-expulsive personalities are messy, disorganized, and lose their temper. |
| Archetypes | According to Jung, a number of universal themes that are part of the collective unconscious. |
| Assessment Techniques to Measure Personality | Unstructured interviews--informal conversation centered on the individual. Structured interviews--interviewer poses a series of planned questions. Behavioral assessments--record the frequency of specific behaviors. |
| Behavioral Signatures | Consistent ways of responding in similar situations that characterize our personality. |
| Cattell's 16 Personality Factors | ● Surface traits--hundreds of visible areas of personality (from nomothetic studies). ● Source traits--16 basic traits underlying personality characteristics. ● Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF) yields trait profiles of personality. |
| Collective Efficacy | ● Our perception that with collaborative effort, our group will obtain its desired outcome.More beneficial in collectivist societies.Collectivism--primary identification of an individual as a member of a group and the goals of the group as one's own goals. |
| Collective Unconscious | According to Jung, influential system of psyche that contains universal memories and ideas that all people have inherited from our ancestors. Inherited memories are archetypes or common themes found in all cultures. |
| Defense Mechanisms | Extreme measures protect the ego from threats; operate unconsciously and deny, falsify, or distort reality. Not successful coping strategies because they do not remove stressors. |
| Displacement | Shifting unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or actions from a more threatening person or object to another less threatening person or object.Defense mechanism in the unconscious. |
| External Locus of Control | The expectation that a reinforcement or outcome of our behavior is a function of luck or fate, is under the control of others, or is unpredictable. |
| Eysenck's Personality Dimensions | 3 dimensions: Extroversion--sociability and tendency to pay attention to the external environment. ● Neuroticism--level of instability; how moody, anxious, and unreliable we are. ● Psychoticism--tough mindedness; how hostile, ruthless, and insensitive we are. |
| Factor Analysis | A statistical procedure that identifies common factors among groups of items, to simplify a long list of items into a small number of dimensions. Trait theorists such as Eysenck, Cattell, and Costa and McCrae used factor analysis to define their traits. |
| Five-Factor Model of Personality | Costa and McCrae identified 5 broad dimensions of personality: The Big Five. ● Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (OCEAN). ● NEO Personality Inventory and Big Five Questionnaire measure characteristics. |
| Freud's Systems of Personality: Ego | Partly conscious, partly unconscious. Mediates between instinctual needs and conditions of the environment to maintain our life and ensure the species lives on. Guided by the reality principle. |
| Freud's Systems of Personality: Id | In unconscious. Contains everything psychological that is inherited and psychic energy (libido) that powers the id, ego, and superego. Irrational, self-centered, "Give me now". Guided by the pleasure principle. |
| Freud's Systems of Personality: Superego | Partly conscious, partly unconscious. Is composed of the conscience that punishes us by making us feel guilty, and the ego-ideal that rewards us by making us feel proud of ourselves. |
| Genital Stage of Development | Freud's fifth stage; from adolescence on.Pleasure from intercourse and intimacy with another person. Important for development of a healthy, integrated personality. |
| Halo Effect | Tendency to generalize a favorable impression to unrelated dimensions of a subject's personality. |
| Hawthorne Effect | When people know that they are being observed, they change their behavior to what they think the observer expects or to make themselves look good. |
| Idiographic Methods | Personality techniques that look at the individual, such as case studies, interviews, and naturalistic observations. |
| Individuation | Individuation, according to Jung, is the psychological process by which a person becomes an individual, a unified whole, including conscious and unconscious processes. Individuated people are complete, like the mandala of yin and yang, in harmony. |
| Inferiority Complex | We try to compensate for what we see as physical, intellectual, or social inadequacies through social interest, according to Adler. We strive for superiority to be altruistic, cooperative, creative, unique, aware, and interested in social welfare. |
| Internal Locus of Control | The expectation that a reinforcement or outcome of our behavior is contingent on our behavior or personal characteristics. Rotter's social-learning theory says that the locus of control has a major impact on personalities because it influences how we think about ourselves and actions we take. |
| Jung's Analytic Theory of Personality | The psyche or whole personality consists of interacting systems including the ego, the personal unconscious with its complexes, the collective unconscious with its archetypes, and the self. |
| Latency Stage of Development | Freud's fourth stage; ages 6-12. Pleasure in accomplishments; suppressed sexuality. ● If accomplishments fall short of expectations, development of feelings of inferiority. |
| Cognitive-Affective Personality System | 5 factors and the situation account for our individual personality differences: Our encoding strategies, Our expectancies and beliefs,Our goals and values, Our feelings, Our personal competencies. |
| Nomothetic Methods | Personality techniques such as tests, surveys, and observations that focus on variables at the group level, identifying universal trait dimensions or relationships between different aspects of personality. |
| Oral Stage of Development | First stage of Freud's theory; ages 0-1.Pleasure from sucking; conflict is weaning from bottle or breast. Oral-dependent adults are gullible, overeaters, and passive. Oral-aggressives are sarcastic and argumentative. |
| Personal Construct Theory | Looks at how we develop bipolar mental constructs to judge and predict others' behavior.We are shaped by our perceptions of the world.Part of Kelly's theory. |
| Personality | A set of unique behaviors, attitudes, and emotions that characterize a particular individua. |
| Phallic Stage of Development | Freud's third stage; ages 3-5. Pleasure from self-stimulation of genitals; conflict is castration anxiety or penis envy. Healthy resolution of Oedipal or Electra complex results in identification with same sex parent; if not, relationship problems result. |
| Projection | Attributing our own undesirable thoughts, feelings, or actions to others. Defense mechanism in unconscious. |
| Projective Personality Tests | Used by psychoanalysts, projective personality tests present ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots, assuming test takers will project their unconscious thoughts or feelings onto the stimuli. Example: Rorschach inkblots, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). |
| Rationalization | Offering socially acceptable reasons for our inappropriate behavior; making unconscious excuses.Defense mechanism in unconscious. Sour grapes--devaluing something you wanted that you didn't get. Sweet lemons--overvaluing what you got. |
| Reaction Formation | Acting in a manner exactly opposite to our true feelings. Defense mechanism in unconscious."Whistling in the dark". |
| Reciprocal Determinism | According to Bandura, 3 types of factors all affect one another in explaining our behavior: Personality characteristics and cognitive processes, Nature, frequency, and intensity of actions, Stimuli from the environment and reinforcement contingencies. |
| Regression | Retreat to an earlier level of development characterized by more immature, pleasurable behavior,Defense mechanism in unconscious, Example: Babying yourself when you are sick. |
| Self-Actualization | Self-actualization is reaching toward the best person we can be, realizing our true intellectual and emotional potential,Humanistic concept of Abraham Maslow. |
| Self-Concept | Overall view of our abilities, behavior, and personality or what we know about ourselves.Self-concept is immature in youth but broadens and becomes more complex and individualized as we get older. |
| Self-Efficacy | Belief that we can perform behaviors that are necessary to accomplish tasks and that we are competent. Major factor in how we regulate our lives. Bandura's social cognitive theory. Individualism--identifying oneself in terms of personal traits and personal goals. |
| Self-Esteem | How we evaluate ourselves; part of self-concept. Affected by our emotions and comes to mean how worthy we think we are. Can raise self-esteem by highlighting strengths. |
| Self-Report Methods to Assess Personality | Myers-Briggs Type Indicator for Jung's personality types. ● Internal-External Locus of Control Scale for Rotter's locus of control.● Personal Orientation Inventory for Maslow's self-actualization. |
| Self-Report Methods to Assess Personality | Myers-Briggs Type Indicator for Jung's personality types. Internal-External Locus of Control Scale for Rotter's locus of control. Personal Orientation Inventory for Maslow's self-actualization. |
| Self-Report Methods to Assess Personality (continued) | Q-sort for Roger's congruence between the actual self and ideal self. MMPI-2 (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2); 567 true-false items; often used with job applicants.Patterns of responses reveal personality. |
| Sublimation | The redirection of unacceptable sexual or aggressive impulses into more socially acceptable behaviors. Defense mechanism in unconscious.● Can be creative, involving music, art, or science. |
| Trait Theory | A trait is a relatively permanent characteristic of our personality that can be used to predict our behavior. |
| Unconditional Positive Regard | Acceptance, value, and love from others independent of how we behave. Roger's self-theory says that the individual's self-concept is formed by society's conditions of worth. |
| Womb Envy | Horney attacked Freud's male bias and suggested the male counterpart for penis envy is womb envy. She thought females were more envious of the male's social status. |
